Schlagwort-Archive: doctrines

Edward Bagshaw THE GREAT QUESTION CONCERNING THINGS INDIFFERENT IN RELIGOUS WORSHIP

THE GREAT QUESTION CONCERNING THINGS INDIFFERENT IN RELIGOUS WORSHIP

THE GREAT QUESTION CONCERNING THINGS INDIFFERENT IN RELIGOUS WORSHIP,

Briefly stated and tendred to die consideration of all sober and impartial men.

The third edition, Chillingworth Praef. §. 34.

Not protestants for rejecting, but the church of Rome for imposing upon the faith of christians, doctrines unwritten and unnecessary, and for disturbing the churches peace, and dividing unity in such matters, is in an high degree presumptuous and schismatical.

London, printed in the year, 1660.

The publisher of this treatise to the christian and candid reader.

Though opinions should be weighed, not by the reputation of the authors which deliver, but by the strength of the arguments which defend them yet it is too usual with unobserving readers, to slight the argument for the author’s sake, and to consider, not so much what is said who it is that says it. Which being the common fate of most discourses, such especially as do at all meddle with that excellent, but too much abused notion of christian liberty, do most expose the writers to censure: The most obvious character that is fastened upon them, being, that they are men either of loose, or else of factious principles: And so being discredited, before the are read, their books, how sober soever, do not remove, but only fettle and fix the preconceived prejudice; as in diseased stomachs, everything they take turns to nourish and to increase the humor.

That this is like to be the fortune of this small treatise, I have reason to expect, and therefore I have suffered it to run abroad in the world without, a name like one of those (unreadable Greek spelling) Pliny mentions, as if it were born of itself and begotten without a parent. That so those few readers it may meet with, may only fasten upon the faults of the discourse itself without diverting themselves unto that question, which all times, as well at Saul’s, have malice enough to make a proverb of, but who is their father? Yet christian reader, that it may appear only with its own faults, and have no aggravating suspicions upon it, from any mistake of the authors design or humor, I have adventured to give thee this account of him.

First, that he is a strict assertor of the doctrine of the church of England, as it is contained in the 39 articles, and for that which is the prime branch of discipline, viz. episcopacy, or the subordination between bishops and presbyters, he doth own it to be of apostolical institution, that is, as he understands jure divino. At least he thinks himself able to speak as much for the order of bishops in the church, as any can for the baptizing of infants, for the change of the Sabbath, or for anything else, which hath no particular divine precept, but only primitive practice and example to warrant it. And therefore in conformity to this principle of his, when the bishops were sunk lowest, not only for pomp but likewise for reputation and when no temptation either of profit or convenience, but rather the contrary, could work upon him, he then chose to be ordained a presbyter by one of them: which is a greater argument of his reality and steadfastness in judgment, then most of those, who now signalize themselves by distinctive habits, can pretend to; since such may reasonably be presumed to wear them, either because they are the fashion, or else the way to preferment.

Secondly, this I must say likewise, that none is more satisfied with the present government, or hath a more loyal and affectionate esteem for his Majesties person and prudence, than this writer: and therefore instead of declaiming against, or too rigid re-enforcing our old rites, fitted only for the infancy of the church these being as it were its swaddling clouts, and at the best do but show its minority he doth heartily wish that all parties would agree to refer the whole cause of ceremonies to  his Majesties single decision: From whose unwearied endeavors in procuring first, and afterwards in passing so full an amnesty of allow civil discord, we need not doubt but we may obtain, that these apples of ecclesiastical contention may be removed out of the way. Which are so very trifles, that they would vanish of themselves, but that some men’s  pride, others want of merit make them so solicitous to continue them lest it those little things were once taken away, they should want something whereby to make themselves remarkable.

Lastly he doth profess yet further that as to himself be needs not that liberty, which here he pleads for, since, though for the present he doth make use of that indulgence, which his Majesty hath been pleased to allow unto tender conferences, i.e. to all rational and sober christians: (the continuance of which, he dares not so much wrong his Majesties goodness, as once to question) yet should his Majesty be prevailed upon for some reason of state, to enjoin outward conformity, this writer is resolved by the help of God, either to submit with cheerfulness or else to suffer with silence.

For as there is an active disobedience, viz. resist which is a practice he abhors, so there is a passive disobedience, and that is, to repine (hadern) which he can by no means approve of. Since whatever he cannot conscientiously do, he thinks himself obliged to suffer for, with as much joy, and with as little reluctance, as if any other act of obedience was called for from him.

Having said this concerning the author, I need not speak much concerning the argument, but only this, that it was not written out of vanity or ostentation of wit; but as a question, in which he is really unsatisfied and therefore thought himself bound to impart his doubts: Which having done to many in discourse, with little success or satisfaction; he hath now communicated them to the world, hoping they may light into such men’s hands, who may he prevailed upon, if not to alter the judgment, yet at least to moderate the passion of some, who would put out our eyes, because we cannot see with their spectacles; and who have placed ceremonies about religion, a little too truly as a fence: For they serve to keep out all others from their communion. All therefore which this treatise aims at, is briefly to prove this, — that none is to hedge up the way to heaven; or by scattering thornes (Dornen) and punctilio’s (Nadelspitzen) in it, to make christianity more cumbersome, tedious, and difficult, then Christ hath left it. That is in short, that none can impose, what our Savior in his infinite wisdom did not think necessary, and therefore left free.

Farewell

 

THE GREAT QUESTION

Concerning things indifferent in religious worship

Briefly stated and tendred (vorgestellt) to the consideration of all sober and impartial men.

Question: Whether the civil magistrate may lawfully impose and determine the use of indifferent things, in reference to religious worship.

For the understanding and right stating of this question, I will suppose these two things;

1.That a christian may be a magistrate; this I know many do deny, grounding themselves upon that discourse of our Savior to his disciples, “Ye know”, said he, “that the Princes of the Gentiles do exercise dominion over them, and they that are great, exercise authority upon them. But it shall not be so much amongst you:” from whence they infer, that all who will‘ be Christ’s disciples, are thereby forbid any exercise of temporal sovereignty. And I remember amongst many other of the primitive writers, who were of the same opinion, Tertullian in his apology doth expressly say “nos ad omnem, ambitionis auram frigemus”, &c. We Christians says he, have not the least taint of ambition, being so far from affecting honors, that we look not after so much as the aedileship (Ädile), which was the lowest magistracy in Rome; and afterwards of Tiberius, “Tiberius”, says he, “would have become a christian, if either the world did not need or it were lawful for christians to be emperors.”

Many other expressions there are both in Tertullian, Cyprian and Origen, to the same purpose. But because the practice of the christian world, down from Constantine’s time, even in the most reformed churches hath carried it in the affirmative for christian magistracy; and the contrary doctrine, besides the gap it opens to all civil confusion, is built only upon some remote consequences from Scripture, rather than any direct proof; I will therefore admit that a Christian may lawfully exercise the highest place of magistracy, only as the Apostle sais in another case, in the Lord, i.e. no: extending his commission farther than the word of God doth warrant him.

  1. I will suppose that there are some things in their own nature indifferent, I mean, those outward circumstances of our actions: which the law of God hath left free and arbitrary, giving us only general precepts for the use of them either way: Such are, do all things to the glory of God, and do what makes most for edification, and the like, which rules whoever observes, may in things indifferent, either do or forbear them, as he in his christian prudence shall think convenient.

Of these indifferent things some are purely so, as the time and place of meeting for religious worship; which seem to me, to be so very indifferent, that they cannot without great violence, be wrested to any superstitious observance; and therefore concerning these I do not dispute.

Other things there are, commonly supposed indifferent in their own nature, but by abuse have become occasions of superstition: such as are, bowing in the name of Jesus, the cross in Baptism, pictures in churches, surplices in preaching, kneeling at the sacrament, set forms of prayer, and the like; all which seem to some indifferent in their own nature, and by any who is persuaded in his confidence of the lawfulness of them, without doubt may lawfully enough be practiced; yet I hold it utterly unlawful for any christian magistrate to impose the use of them. And that for these reasons:

First, because it is directly contrary to the nature of christian religion in general, which in every part of it is to be free and unforced; for since the christian magistrate cannot, as I think now all protestant writers do agree, force his religion upon any, but is to leave even those poor creatures the Jews and Mahometans to their unbelief (though they certainly perish in it) rather than by fines and imprisonments to torture them out of it; then much less may he abridge his fellow Christian in things of lesser moment, and which concern not the substance of his religion, from using that liberty in serving God, which his conscience prompts him to, and the nature of his religion doth warrant him in. For God as he loves cheerful giver, so likewise a cheerful worshipper, accepting of no more than we willingly perform.

Secondly and more particularly. This imposing of things indifferent, is directly contrary co Gospel precept. Our Savior doth in many places inveigh against the rigid and imposing pharisees, for laying yokes upon others, and therefore invites all to come unto him for freedom. “Take my yoke upon you,” said he, “for it is easy, and my burden is light. And if the son set you free, then are you free indeed. Whereby freedom I do not only understand freedom from sin, but from all human impositions; since the Apostle Paul doth seem to allude unto this place, in that command of his to the Galatians, “stand fast in the liberty, wherewith Christ hath made you free and be not again entangled with the yoke of bondage”; where, that I may prevent an objection, I will grant, that by yoke of bondage, he understands circumcision and other Jewish ceremonies; but from thence I will draw an unanswerable argument against the urging of any other now upon a christian account; for since the mosaical ceremonies which had so much to plead for themselves, upon the account of their divine original; and which even after they were fulfilled by our Savior, still remained indifferent in their use, and were so esteemed and practiced by Paul; yet when once they were imposed, and a necessity pleaded for their continuance, the Apostle writes sharply against them, exhorting the Galatians to stand fast in their liberty, as part of our Saviors purchase. If this, I say, was the cafe with those old rites, then much less can any now impose an invented form of worship, for which there cannot be pretended the least warrant that ever God did authorize it. And it seems altogether needless, that the Jewish ceremonies, should, as to their necessity at least, expire and be abrogated, if others might succeed in their room, and be as strictly commanded, as ever the former were.

For this only returns us to our bondage again, which is so much the more intolerable, in that our religion is styled the perfect law of liberty: Which liberty I understand not wherein it consists, if in things necessary, we are already determined by God, and in things indifferent we may still be tied up to humane ordinances, and outside rites, at the pleasure of our christian magistrates.

To these Scriptures which directly deny all imposition, maybe added all those texts, which consequentially do it, such as are “Do to others, as you would have others do to you”: And who is there that would have his conscience imposed upon? “And you that are strong   bear with the infirmity of the weak; whereas this practice will be so far from easing the burden of the weak; that if men are at all scrupulous, it only lays more load upon them. These scriptures with many hundreds the like, show that this kind of rigor is utterly inconsistent with the rules of christian forbearance and charity, which no christian magistrate ought to think himself absolved from: Since though as a magistrate he hath a power in civil things yet as a christian, he ought to have a care that in things of spiritual concernment he grieve not the minds of any, who are upon that relation, not his subjects, so much as his brethren: and therefore since they have left their natural, and voluntarily parted with their civil, they ought not to be entrenched upon in their spiritual freedom: especially by such a magistrate, who owning the same principles of religion with them, is thereby engaged to use his power, only to support, and not to ensnare them, to bound perhaps, but not to abridge their liberty; to keep it indeed from running into licentiousness (which is a moral evil) but not to shackle, undermine, and fetter it, under pretence of decency and order. Which when once it comes to be an order of constraint and not of consent, it is nothing else but in the imposer, tyranny in the person imposed upon, bondage: And makes him to be, what in things appertaining to religion we are forbidden to be, viz. “the servants of men. Ye are bought”, said the Apostle, with a price and manumitted by Christ, “be you not the servants of men:” which prohibition doth not forbid civil service, for he said a little before. “Art thou called while thou art a servant? Care not for it; but if thou canst be free, use it rather,” implying, that civil liberty is to be preferred before servitude, yet not to be much contended for, but held as a matter indifferent; but when once our masters, shall extend their rule over the conscience, then this precept holds valid, “be ye not the servants of men”

Thirdly, it is contrary co christian practice, of which we have many remarkable instances:

The first shall be that of our Savior Christ, who was of a  most sweet and complying disposition; he says of himself, that he came eating and drinking, i.e. doing the common actions of other men; and therefore he never disclaimed to keep company with any, even the meanest and most despicable sinner; his retinue consisting for the most part of those the Jews called,  (unreadable Greek spelling) i. e. sinners in an eminent find notorious manner; whom as a physician he not only cured; but as a merciful priest sought out to save. Yet when his christian liberty came once to be invaded, he laid aside his gentleness, and proved a stifle and peremptory assertor of it.

To omit many passages, of which his story is full, I shall mention but one and that was his refuting to wash his hands before meat. This was not only a thing in itself indifferent, but likewise had some argument from decency to induce, and a constant tradition from the Elders or Sanhedrim to enforce it, who at this time were not only their ecclesiastical but their civil rulers: Yet all these motives, in a thing so innocent and small as that was, could not prevail with our Savior to quit his liberty of eating with unwashed hands. And in defense of himself, he calls them superstitious fools, and blind guides, who were offended at him; and leaves two unanswerable arguments, which are of equal validity in things of the like nature. As

  1. That this was not a plant, of his father’s planting, and therefore it should be rooted up whereby our Savior intimates, that as the Pharisees had no divine warrant to prescribe such a toy as that was, so God would at last declare his indignation against their supererogatory worship, by pulling it up root and branch. From whence I gather this rule, that when once human inventions become impositions, and lay a necessity upon that, which God hath left free; then may we lawfully reject them, as plants of mans setting, and not of Gods owning.
  2. The second argument our Savior uses is, that, these things did not defile a man, i. e. as to his mind and confidence. To eat with unwashed hands was at the worst, but a point of ill manners, and unhandsome perhaps or indecent, but not an impious or ungodly thing; and therefore more likely to offend nice stomachs, than scrupulous consciences. Whose satisfaction in such things as these our Savior did not at all study. From whence I inferre (schließe), that in the worship of God we are chiefly to look after the substance of things; and as for circumstances, they are either not worth our notice, or else will be answerable to our inward impressions; according to which our Savior in another place, says, “O blind Pharisee, cleanse first the inside of the cup and of the platter that so the outside may be clean, hereby implying, that a renewed hearty will be sure to make a changed and seemly behavior; whereas the most specious outside is consistent with inward filth and rottenness. So that they who press outward conformity in divine worship, endeavor to serve God the wrong way, and often times do only force carnal and hypocritical men to present God a sacrifice which he abhors; while co others that are more tender and scrupulous, they make the sacrifice itself unpleasant, because they will not let it be, what God would have it, a free-will offering.
  1. My second instance shall be the resolution of the Apostles in that famous and important Quaere, concerning the Jewish ceremonies, whether they were to be imposed or not. After a long dispute to find out the truth (unreadable Greek spelling, says the text) Peter directly opposes those rites, why, says he, do ye temp God by putting a yoke upon the neck of the disciples? Intimating that to put a yoke upon others (and to impose in things indifferent is certainly a great one) from which, God hath either expressly freed us, by commanding the contrary; or else tacitly freed us, by not commanding them: This is nothing else but to tempt God, and to pretend to be more wise and holy than he. Again, James decries those ceremonies upon this score, least they should (unreadable Greek spelling,) be troublesome to the converted Gentiles; implying, that however men may think it a small matter, to impose an indifferent thing, yet indeed it is an infinite trouble and matter of disquiet to the party imposed upon, because he is thereby disabled from using his liberty, in that which he knows to be indifferent.

Upon the hearing of these two, the result of the whole council was the brethren should not be imposed upon, although the arguments for conformity were more strong then, than now they can be; because the Jews in all probability, might thereby have been the sooner won be over to the christian persuasion. The decree which that apostolical, and truly christian synod makes

  1. From the stile they use, it seems good (say they) to the Holy Ghost, and to us, — so that whoever exercises the same imposing Power, had need be sure he hath the fame divine authority, for fear he only rashly assumes what was never granted him.
  1. From the things they impose, it seems good, &c. (say they) to lay upon you no greater burden than these necessary things, that you abstain from things offered to idols, from blood, from things strangled, and from fornication. Whence I observe,
  1. that they call their imposition (unreadable Greek spelling) a weight, or burden, which is not unnecessarily to be laid on the shoulders of any.
  1. they say, they forbid only (unreadable Greek spelling) these very necessary things, to show, that necessary things only, and not indifferent, should be the matter of our imposition.

For whereas some gather from hence, that the church, i.e. where a state is christian, the christian magistrate hath a power to oblige men to the doing of things he commands, though in their own nature they be indifferent; because they suppose that the Apostles did so; as for example, in forbidding to eat blood. Therefore consider,

  1. that this is quite contrary to the Apostles scope, whose business was to ease and free, and not to tie up their brethren; and therefore they say, they merely do lay upon them things very necessary.
  1. That all those things they forbid, were not indifferent, but long before prohibited by God, not only in the ceremonial, but in his positive law, and therefore obligatory, whereupon the Apostles call them necessary, i.e. things necessary to be forborne, even before they had made any decree against them: As
  1. (unreadable Greek spelling) i.e. the meat of things offered to idols: To eat of them was not in all cases indifferent; for to so it with conscience of the idol, i.e. intending thereby to worship the idol, this was a thing against the second commandment. But if a man was convinced that the idol was nothing, and therefore the meat, though consecrated, was free to him: Yet if his weaker brother was offended; he was then to abstain in observance of christian charity and condescencion: But if the eater himself did doubt, then was he to forbear for his own peace and quiet’s sake, for to eat, while he was unsatisfied whether it was lawful or not, was nothing else but to condemn himself, as the Apostle says, “He that doubts is (not damned as we render it, but (unreadable Greek spelling)) — condemned i.e. self condemned if he eat, because he doth that which he inwardly doth either not approve, or else at least suspects, that it is not lawful: So that the case of eating (unreadable Greek spelling), being so nice, and so apt co be mistaken: The Apostles do make their prohibitionuniversal, as that which was most safe, and least subject to scruple.
  1. (unreadable Greek spelling) Blood; i.e. flesh with the blood; or, as some, raw flesh; and things strangled; to eat these was not indifferent, but prohibited long before by God, in his law given to Noah. And therefore the Apostles prohibition here, is not to be interpreted, as their giving a temporary law, with respect had to the then constitution and economy of the Jews (as some I think weakly and without ground from Scripture, imagine) but rather as their reviving and re-enforcing an old law, which being given by God to Noah, both then was, and still is obligatory to all his posterity, God having no where dispensed with it.
  1. Lastly, (unreadable Greek spelling), if you render it fornication, then it is evidently contrary to those precepts of purity, holiness and perfection, which God everywhere requires. But if you expound it, as many learned men do, unlawful copulations; then the prohibition enforces upon us the observance of those laws concerning marriage, which are recorded in Levit.18 and which is evident, are not in their own nature indifferent, since marrying with our mother, sister or daughter, the heathen Plato and the Grecian laws condemned even by the light of nature. And God, there in that chapter, calls the contrary practices, abominable customs; for which he threatens to root even the heathen out, v.27.ad fin.

From what hath been said out of this instance, 1. conclude, that since, i.e. the Apostles, though divinely inspired, yet did not impose any rites upon the church , by their own proper power, but join themselves with the Holy Ghost, as being acted and commissioned by him. Since, 2., they use no arguments from decency to justify their imposition, nor by any unnecessary burden upon any, by forbidding or enjoining things purely indifferent but only prohibit such things, as they call, and it is clear from what has been said, were necessary. And lastly, since the retaining some of the more innocent and less burdensome ceremonies of the Jews, in point of order and convenience only, would in all probability have been the readiest means to bring chat precise and superfluous people unto a compliance with the Gospel; and without doubt for that reason would have been enjoined, had the Apostles conceived they had any power to have meddled with them.

Hence I conclude, for persons,

1. Who have no such authority.

2. in things much more indifferent.

And lastly, where the necessity of conformity is nothing near so pressing and urgent. For such, I say, to take upon themselves an arbitrary and an imposing power, it is altogether unwarrantable, and consequently sinful.

  1. My last instance shall be that of the Apostle Paul, who was of an universally complying carriage; he says of himself, that he became all things to all men even to Jews at a Jew, &co. with many more words to the same purpose. And to show his liberty, he circumcised Timothy, though a Greek, that he might gain the Jews in those parts. But when once a sect of men rose up, who began to preach the necessity of circumcision, he doth in many places sharply inveigh against them, calling them dogs, evil workers, and in derision, (unreadable Greek spelling), or the concision, and concludes his epistle to the Galatians, with bidding them to beware of such, as labored to boast in their flesh i. e. sought to bring them unto a conformity in those outward ordinances. Nay so jealous and precisely careful was that Apostle of this great christian privilege and charter, viz. freedom in indifferent things; that he could not brook so much as Peters suspicious carriage in that particular, but for his dissimulation, and pretending to be less free, then he was;

Paul says, that he openly reproved him to his face. And for other false brethren, who crept into their assemblies, merely to spy out their liberty, and without doubt, used the fame arguments for conformity, which many do now; the Apostle says, he resisted them, and yielded not to them, so much as for a moment.

And that he might forever preserve his Galatians from being ensured, and brought under bondage again, he leaves them the caveat, I mentioned before, stand fast in your liberty, &e. From whence I infer, that so long as a thing is left indifferent, though there be some suspicion of superstition in it, we may lawfully practice it, as Paul did circumcision; but when any shall take upon them to make it necessary, then the thing so imposed presently loses not its liberty only, but likewise its lawfulness; and we may not without breach of the Apostles precept, submit unto it: Because we thereby do own, that those whose injunctions we obey, had a power to impose; and so by assenting, we become abettors and promoters of their usurpation.

  1. My last argument against impositions shall be taken from the inconveniences that attend such a practice. For though I lay little stress upon such kind of arguments (because truth is to be tried by its evidence, and not by its consequences) yet because,
  1. In principles, on which moral actions are grounded, the inconveniences do use to be weighed, and that doctrine for the most part seems most true, at least most plausible, which is attended by fewest inconveniences and because,
  1. the opposers of liberty, haw very little elseto urge for themselves, but by pretending the many inconveniences that flow from it.

Therefore I shall clearly prove that many more absurd and more destructive and fatal consequences attend the doctrine of impositions, then the doctrine of christian liberty, as,

  1. The first inconvenience is the impossibility to fix a point where the imposer will stop. For do but once grant, that the magistrate hath power to impose, and then we lie at his mercy, how far he will go. For the unmarried state of the clergy, holy unction, consecrating the host &co. are as indifferent in their own nature, as using the cross, or surplice. And if the magistrate hath indeed lawful power to impose, he may as well command those, as these, especially if he be convinced that they are either decent or convenient; at which door have entered in all those gross fooleries, which are in the popish worship: Any of which, take them singly and apart from the circumstances which determine them, so they are indifferent, and may, for ought I know, be conscientiously observed.

But put them together and consider the power which imposes, and the end which continues them, so they are the grossest idolatry, and the vilest tyranny that ever yet was practiced. For we are for the most part mistaken in the notion of popery, if we see a surplice, or a cross, or organs, or bowing, we presently cry out popery: Whereas I think it a more manifest sign of popery to forbid these things, as we do, under penalties, then to practice them with freedom. If, I understand anything of Antichrist, his nature seems to consist in this that he acts in a way contrary to Christ i.e. instead of a spiritual, he brings in a devised worship; and instead of freedom, lays a constraint even upon our devotion. So that, as John in his revelation says of him, “Men shall neither buy nor sell, who have not a mark; i.e. who do not serve God in that outward way, which he commands. So that whoever doth own the doctrine of imposition though in the smallest circumstance of worship he brings in the essence, though not the name of popery; and lays down that for his foundation, on which all the will-worship, which this day reigns in the world, is bottomed.

For whatever opinions we have concerning the necessity of bowing, kneeling or the like, while they stand confined to our private practices, they are at worst but hay and stubble, which will perish at the day of account, though he that doth them may very well be saved. But when once a man goes further and not content with his persuasions, envies his brother that liberty, which he himself desires to enjoy; and seeks to obtrude his conceits upon others, who perhaps are not so well satisfied as he is: Whoever doth this, becomes impious to God, by invading his sovereignty, and lording it over another man’s conscience; and likewise injurious to men, by pressing such things, as are only baits to the careless, and traps for the conscientious. I know very well, that the Argument is specious and often urged — why should men be so scrupulous? Most pleading for ceremonies, Lot did for Zoar, are they not little things? But l answer, 1. that a little thing unwarrantably done is a great sin. 2. That a little thing unjustly gained, makes way for a greater: and therefore we should not let the serpent get in his head, how beautiful soever it seems, lest he bring in his tail, and with that his sting – how curious even almost to superstition, our Savior and his Apostles especially Paul, were in this point, I have already mentioned; by whose example we are little profited, if we do not learn, that in impositions we are not so much to consider how small and inconsiderable the thing imposed is, as how lawful it is: Not, what it is in itself, as whither it tends, and what will he the consequence of it admission. For the smaller the thing imposed is, the more is our christian liberty invaded, and consequently the more injurious and sinful is its imposition.

  1. The second inconvenience is, that it quite inverts the nature of christian religion; not only by taking away its freedom, but likewise its spirituality; our Savior says, that God will now be worshipped not in show and ceremony, but in spirit, and in truth; whereas this doctrine of imposition, places it in such things, in the observance of which, superstition will be sure to out-do devotion. But true religion like the spirits of wine or subtle essences, whenever it comes to ne opened and exposed to view, runs the hazard of being presently dispirited, and lost. In the service of God there is a vast difference, between purity and pomp, between spirit and splendor; whereas the imposer only drives at, and improves the latter; but of the former is altogether secure and careless, as is evident in those places, where uniformity is most strictly practiced.
  1. This doctrine making no provision at all for such as are scrupulous and tender, supposes the same measure of faith in all: Whereas nothing is more clear, then as the Apostle says concerning things offered to idols, so concerning ceremonies, I may say, that all have not knowledge. But to this day many there are utterly unsatisfied with the lawfulness of any, and most are convinced of the uselessness of them all. Whose consciences, how erroneous soever, yet are to be tenderly and gently dealt with; lest by our rigid commanding what they can by no means comply with, we bring them unto that dangerous dilemma, either of breaking their inward peace and comfort, by doing outwardly what they do not inwardly approve of: Or else of running themselves upon the rocks of poverty and prejudice, by disobeying what is commanded. For though we are upon all occasions to suffer gladly, yet let not Reuben smite Ephraim; let us not receive our wounds in the house of our friends, for then our sufferings will be sharpened from the consideration of the unkindness, that our brethren should put us upon the needless trial of our faith and patience, especially in such things, which white the imposer calls indifferent, he thereby acknowledges, that they may very well be spare.
  1. The last inconvenience is that by impositions, especially when the penalty is severe, we seem to lay as much weight and stress upon these indifferent things, as upon any the most material parts of our religion. This rigid irrespective obtruding of small things makes no difference at all between ceremony and substance. So that a man who were not a Christian at all, would find as good, nay perhaps better usage from the imposer, then he who laboring and endeavoring to live up to other parts of christian faith, shall yet forbear to practice these ceremonies: Which is not only harsh and cruel, but very incongruous dealing, that a Jew or Mahometan, should be better regarded, than a weak and scrupulous Christian. This is nothing else, but to deal with our fellow Christians, as Jephtha did with the Ephraimites, to kill them for no weightier crime, than because they cannot pronounce Shibboleth.

To these inconveniences I might add the certain decay of the growth of religion as to its inward purity, while there is this disguise and mask of needless ceremonies upon it to keep it under; but those which I have already urged, are so great, that those which are commonly insisted upon by men of another persuasion, are not at all to be put into the balance with them; as will appear by this brief answer to their main objections.

  1. They object that this will be the way to beget all manner of disorder and confusion; that every man will have a several fashion and custom by himself; and for want of uniformity and ceremony, the unity and essence of religion will perish. But I answer,
  1. Doth any pled for Baal? He that will abuse the principle of liberty, to justify his licentiousness of life, let him know that the magistrate bears not the sword in vain, but has it to cut off such offenders. If you suffer as Christians, said the Apostle, rejoice at it; but let none suffer, as a thief, murderer (unreadable Greek spelling), seditious person, a state-incendiary, or as a busy intermeddler in other men’s matters, for he that doth these things suffered justly; nor can he plead anything from the Gospel, which is a rule of strictness, to exempt him from punishment. But

2.This disorder, which is so vehemently and so tragically aggravated, and for the prevention of which, ceremonies must be invented and forced, is indeed nothing else but a malicious and ill-founding name, put upon an excellent and most comely thing, i.e. variety, For as God, though he be a God of order, hath not made all men of one countenance, and in the world hath given several and divers shapes to many things, which yet are the same for substance; so in the assemblies of his people, who all come to honor him, and agree in the essence of his worship, why should we doubt, but God will be well pleased with their variety in circumstances? The exercise of which not only their consciences do prompt, but God himself doth induce them to, because in his word he hath not prescribed anyone outward form, that all should necessarily agree in; but in such things hath left them to the dictates of their own spirits, and the guidance of christian prudence; which variety is so far from being a confusion, that nothing can be more comely and harmonious, as serving to set out the indulgence of God, the arbitrary actings of the Holy Spirit, and the liberty of the Saints, who can preserve unity in mind, without uniformity in behavior.

  1. The second Objection is, the practice of the Jewish Princes, who as soon as ever they were installed in their Kingdoms, set upon reforming the house of God, and imposing upon all a form of worship: Which since all Scripture is written by divine inspiration, and for our instruction, seems to be a leading case that christian Princes should imitate them, and do so likewise. But l answer, i.e. though arguments taken from analogy are of very little weight, when positive precepts are required, yet I will grant, that the piety of the Jewish, is, and ought to be exemplary to the christian magistrates — but withal I deny the inference, since the Jewish Princes, when they reformed religion, they therein followed a divine law, which did command it from them, and which, in the minutest circumstances, had provided for uniformity worship from which rigor and restraint all Christians are absolved, and therefore it is very unconcluding to argue from the Jews, who had; to the christian magistrate, who wants divine authority. To this is also objected,
  1. That since things necessary to the worship of God, be already determined by God, and over them the magistrate hath no power; if likewise he should have no power in indifferent things, then it would follow that in things appertaining to religion, the christian magistrate had no power at all — which they think to be very absurd – so the reverend and learned Mr. Hooker, and Dr. Sanderson. But I answer,
  1. It is no absurdity at all, that Princes should have no more power in ordering the things of God, then God himself hath allowed them. And if God hath no where given them such an imposing power, they must be content to go without it. But in this case, where will the christian magistrate find his warrant, the Scriptures being utterly silent, that he is now to take such authority upon him, which, because the thing concerns not man, but the worship of God, had it been thought necessary and fit, would certainly not have been omitted.
  1. It is so far from being an argument for impositions, to urge that the thing imposed is indifferent, that there cannot be a stronger argument against them: Since it is as requisite to christian practice, that things indifferent should still be kept indifferent, as things necessary, be held necessary, – As I have already proved.

Lastly, it is much more suited to the nature of the Gospel that christian Princes should reform religion, rather by the example of their lives, then by the severity of their laws; and if they may show their power at all in this case, it should rather be b y subtracting then by adding. By taking away all impertinences, which may hinder the progress of it, rather than by obtruding unwarrantable methods, to tie all men up to such outward forms; as may make piety suspected only for policy disguised.

Much more might be said for this from authority, but I willingly wave it. For if Scripture and reason will not prevail to hinder impositions, I have no cause to expect that any sentences from antiquity should. Only this is certain, that all the writings of the Christians for the first three hundred years, are full of nothing else, but such arguments as evince a liberty, more absolute and universal then I contend for. And likewise it may be of some weight, that the churches doctrine was then more pure, their discipline more strict and severe then now; and yet they had nothing but mutual consent, either to establish or protect it, the magistrates being all against them. But when once Constantine took upon him to manage the affairs of the church, and by penal laws, ratified and confirmed church-orders, he laid that foundation of antichristian tyranny, which presently after him, his son Constantius exercised, against the assertors of the trinity: And, the churches worldly power increasing as fast, as the purity of religion did decrease; the bishops of Rome within a few years, gained to themselves, and have ever since practiced severely against such, whom they call heretics, i.e. deniers of their factious doctrine; and opposers of their most ungospel-like, but indeed most politic and prudential impositions, whose furious and bloody tenets, like subtle poison, have run through the veins of almost all professors, scarce any sort even of protestants, allowing to others that liberty of religion,  which at the beginning of their sects, they justly challenged to themselves.

Nor is there any hope, that the world should be freed from cruelty, disguised under the name of zeal, till it please God to inform all magistrates, how far their commission reaches , that their proper province is only over the body, to repress and correct those moral vices, to which our outward man is subject: But as for christian religion, since it is so pure and simple, so free from state and worldly magnificence, so gentle and complying with the meanest christian, and withal so remote from harshness, rigor and severity, there the magistrate most consults Gods honor and his own duty, if being strict to himself, he leaves all others in these outward ceremonies to their inward convictions. Which liberty, is so tar from weakening, that it is indeed the security of a throne; since besides gaining, the peoples love (especially the most conscientious and sober of them) it doth in a special manner entitle him to Gods protection:  Since in not pretending to be wiser then God, he gives religion that free and undisturbed passage, which our Savior seems by his life and death to have opened for it.

FINIS.

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John Locke, Two Tracts on Government, Tract I, Section 86, Absatz 86,

John Locke: Two Tracts on Government

John Locke, Two Tracts on Government,

Tract I, Section 86, Absatz 86,

“1. That it is no absurdity at all that Princes should have no more power in ordering the things of God than God himself hath allowed them. And if God nowhere hath given them such an imposing power they must be content to go without it.”
(Quotation Bagshaw)

If they have no imposing power till God by a positive express commission somewhere hath given it them, they will be found to have as little in civil as religious indifferent things and no right of tying up our liberty in either. But that they have a power in both and how they came by it I have shown above.

“But in this case where will the Christian magistrate find his warrant?”
(Quotation Bagshaw)

In whatever text of Scripture the magistrate’s charter for jurisdiction in civil indifferent things is to be found, in the very same or next verse is his warrant for impositions in religious.

“The Scriptures being utterly silent that he is now to take such authority upon him which because the things concern not man but the worship of God had it been thought necessary and fit would certainly not have been omitted.”
(Quotation Bagshaw)

The Scripture speaks very little of polities anywhere (except only the government of the Jews constituted by God himself over which he had a particular care) and God doth nowhere by distinct and particular prescriptions set down rules of governments and bounds to the magistrate’s authority, since one form of government was not like to fit all people, and mankind was by the light of nature and their own conveniences sufficiently instructed in the necessity of laws and government and a magistrate with power over them, who is no more to expect a commission from Scripture which shall be the foundation and bounds of his authority in every particular and beyond which he shall have none at all, than a master is to examine by Scripture what power he hath over his servant, the light of reason and nature of government itself making evident that in all societies it is unavoidably necessary that the supreme power (wherever seated in one or more) must be still supreme, i.e. have a full and unlimited power over all indifferent things and actions within the bounds of that society.

Whatever our author saith there ‚tis certain there be many particular things necessary and fit now, that are yet omitted in Scripture and are left to be determined by more general rules. Had the questions of paedo­-baptism, church government, ordination, excommunication etc. been as hotly disputed in the days of the Apostles as in ours, ‚tis very probable we should have had as clear resolutions of those doubts and as positive rules as about eating thing strangled and blood.

But the Scripture is very silent in particular questions, the discourses of Christ and his Apostles seldom going beyond the general doctrines of the Messiah or the duties of the moral law, but where either the condition of the persons or their enquiry made it necessary to descend to particulars and possibly had there not some miscarriages sprung up in the Church of Corinth we had never received that command of decency and order, and ‚twas their enquiry that occasioned Paul’s resolution of those their private doubts, I.Cor.c.7.,c. 8.

It was not therefore requisite that we should look for the magistrate’s commission to be renewed in Scripture who was before even by the law of nature and the very condition of government sufficiently invested with a power over all indifferent actions. Nor can we rationally conclude he hath none because we cannot find it in the Bible.

“1. Dass es alles andere als eine Absurdität ist anzunehmen, Fürsten hätten kein Stück mehr Macht, über Gottes Angelegenheiten zu verfügen als Gott persönlich ihnen gestattet hat. Und weil Gott ihnen an keiner Stelle eine derartige Verfügungsbefugnis gewährt hat, müssen sie sich damit zufrieden geben, ohne auszukommen.“
(Zitat Bagshaw)

Sofern sie keinerlei Verfügungsbefugnis innehaben, als bis Gott ihnen eine solche expressis verbis zugestanden hat, wird man ihnen geradewegs eben so wenig bezüglich bürgerlicher wie religiöser unbestimmter und unbedeutender Gegebenheiten zubilligen und jedes Recht, unsere Freiheit in der einen wie der anderen Kategorie an die Leine zu legen, abstreiten. Allerdings habe ich ja bereits weiter oben bewiesen, dass sie betreffend beide Kategorien Macht haben und wie sie dazu gekommen sind.

“Doch wo will eine christliche Obrigkeit unter dieser Voraussetzung ihre Berechtigung finden?”
(Zitat Bagshaw)

An welcher Stelle der Heiligen Schrift auch immer jeweils auf die Verbriefung der Rechtsprechung der Obrigkeit in bürgerlichen Angelegenheiten verwiesen wird, ebenda oder in benachbarten Zeilen findet sich ihre Berechtigung zur Verfügung auch über religiöse Belange.

“Da sämtliche Kapitel der Bibel sich vollkommen darüber ausschweigen, dass sie plötzlich eine derartige Autorität an sich ziehen könnte, wo es doch nicht um Angelegenheiten der Menschen sondern um die Huldigung Gottes geht, wäre dies wohl kaum übersehen worden, wenn es für notwendig und passend gehalten worden wäre.“
(Zitat Bagshaw)

Die Heilige Schrift spricht allenthalben sehr spärlich über politische Ordnungen (abgesehen von den Regierungsformen der Juden, die Gott persönlich verfasst hatte und um die er sich in besonderer Weise kümmerte). Dabei legt Gott nirgends mittels gezielter und besonderer Vorschriften für Regierungsformen und Beschränkungen der Autorität für Obrigkeiten fest, seit klar ist, dass lediglich eine Form der Regentschaft unmöglich genügt, um zu allen Völkerschaften zu passen. Die Menschheit lernte mittels Aufklärung der Naturgegebenheiten und Erkenntnis der eigenen Annehmbarkeiten so ausreichend viel über die Notwendigkeit von Recht und Gesetz, Regierung und Obrigkeit dazu, wobei letztere auch über Macht über sie verfügen sollte, dass sie fürderhin auf keinen Auftrag seitens der Bibel mehr zu warten brauchte, welcher als Grundlage und Begrenzung der Autorität des Magistrats für jede Kleinigkeit gelten und über den hinaus die Obrigkeit keinerlei weitere Autorität haben sollte, als beispielsweise ein Herr über seinen Sklaven aus der Heiligen Schrift ableiten könnte. Die Erleuchtung durch Vernunft und das Wesen des Regierens selbst verdeutlichen klar, dass in allen Gesellschaften unabwendbar die höchste Macht (ob sie nun bei einem oder mehreren liegt), in jeder Hinsicht die höchste Macht bleibt, womit gemeint ist, dass die Obrigkeit stets volle und unbeschränkte Macht über alle ansonsten unbestimmten Angelegenheiten, Gegebenheiten, Belange, Dinge und Handlungen hat, die innerhalb der betreffenden Gesellschaft auftreten.

Was auch immer unser Autor hier angesprochen haben mag, es existieren mittlerweile unzählige individuelle Gegebenheiten, die notwendig und passend wären, aber dennoch in der Bibel unbeachtet geblieben sind und daher der Bestimmung durch allgemeine Regeln überlassen sind. Wären Fragen wie Kindstaufe, kirchliche Herrschaft, Ordination, Weihe, Exkommunikation usw. zur Zeit der Apostel ebenso heiß diskutiert worden wie heute, dann hätten wir sehr wahrscheinlich ebenso eindeutige Antworten und festgesetze Regeln auf diese Zweifel erhalten, als sie einst für den Verzehr erwürgter Tiere und von Blut galten.

Die Heilige Schrift aber schweigt sich sehr laut bezüglicher dieser speziellen Fragen aus. Die Vorträge von Jesus Christus oder seinen Aposteln gehen selten über die generelle Lehre des Messias oder sich ergebende Pflichten aus dem Gesetz der Moral hinaus. Doch weil weder die akute Situation der Leute oder deren hartnäckiges Nachfragen es erforderlich machten, in die Details zu gehen, und wären womöglich nicht einige Fälle von missbräuchlichem Verhalten in der Kirche von Korinth aufgetreten, dann hätten wir wohl niemals diese Anordnung zu Schicklichkeit und Ordnung erhalten. Schließlich war das hartnäckige Insistieren jener der Anlass für Paulus Beschluss bezüglich ihres persönlichen Zweifels. I.Cor.c.7.,c.8.

Dessentwegen war es nicht erforderlich, uns wegen der Erneuerung der Beauftragung für die Obrigkeit in der Heiligen Schrift umzutun, wo sie doch bereits zuvor schon durch das Naturrecht gegeben war. Die tatsächlichen Bedingungen für Regentschaft waren bereits ausreichend mit einer Macht über alle unbestimmten Handlungen ausgestattet. Deshalb können wir vernünftigerweise keinesfalls schlussfolgern, die Obrigkeit hätte keine Macht, weil wir darüber nichts in der Bibel lesen können.

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John Locke, Two Tracts on Government, Tract I, Section 69, Absatz 69,

John Locke: Two Tracts on Government

John Locke, Two Tracts on Government,

Tract I, Section 69, Absatz 69,

But to my author’s inconvenience I shall oppose another I think greater, I’m sure more to be provided against because more pressing and oftener occurring. Grant the people once free and unlimited in the exercise of their religion and where will they stop, where will they themselves bound it, and will it not be religion to destroy all that are not of their profession?

And will they not think they do God good service to take vengeance on those that they have voted his enemies? Shall not this be the land of promise, and those that join not with them be the Canaanites to be rooted out? Must not Christ reign and they prepare for his coming by cutting off the wicked? Shall we not be all taught of God and the ministry cast off as needless?

They that have got the right use of Scripture and the knack of applying it with advantage, who can bring God’s word in defense of those practices which his soul abhors and do already tell us we are returning to Egypt, would, were they permitted, as easily find us Egyptians and think it their right to despoil us.

Though I can believe that our author would not make this large use of his liberty; yet if he thinks others would not so far improve his principles, let him look some years back he will find that a liberty for render consciences was the first inlet to all those confusions and unheard of and destructive opinions that overspread this nation.

The same hearts are still in men as liable to zealous mistakes and religious furies, there wants but leave for crafty men to inspirit and fire them with such doctrines.

I cannot deny but that the sincere and tender-hearted Christians should be gently dealt with and much might be indulged them, but who shall be able to distinguish them, and if a toleration be allowed as their right who shall hinder others who shall be ready enough to lay hold on the same plea?

Doch zusätzlich zu meines Autors Unannehmbarkeit werde ich eine weitere und wie ich denke größere anführen, von der ich überzeugt bin, ihr muss entschiedener begegnet werden, da sie dringlicher ist und auch deutlich öfter auftritt. Gesetzt den Fall der Bevölkerung wäre erst einmal beliebig freie und unbeschränkte Religionsausübung gestattet, ja wo würden sie dann selbst einhalten, an welche Grenze würde sie sich selbst binden, ja wäre das dann nicht umgehend eine Religionsausübung mit dem Recht, alle anderen zu vernichten, die ihr Bekenntnis nicht teilen?

Würden sie nicht denken, sie dienten Gott, indem sie Rache an allen nähmen, die sie als dessen Feinde betrachten? Wäre dann nicht unser Land das Versprochene Land und diejenigen, die sich ihnen nicht beigesellen wären die Kanaaniter, die es auszurotten gälte? Ginge es nicht um ihre Vorbereitung des Reichs Christi und sie müssten für sein Kommen das Böse mit Stumpf und Stiel ausreißen? Wären wir nicht alle durch Gott alleinzu belehren und die Geistlichkeit als nutzlos zu entsorgen sein?

Gerade die, die den korrekten Gebrauch der Heiligen Schrift zu haben behaupten und die Tricks beherrschen, sie vorteilhaft auszulegen, jene, die das Wort Gottes zur Rechtfertigung all der Machenschaften zu verwenden wissen, die dessen Seele zutiefst verabscheut, und die uns gerade weismachen wollen, wir kehrten in die Knechtschaft nach Ägypten zurück, würden, sofern man sie gewähren ließe, uns als die Ägypter bezeichnen und es für ihr Recht halten, uns auszuplündern.

Ich will gern glauben, dass unser Autor keinen derart großzügigen Gebrauch von seiner Freiheit zu machen beabsichtigt. Wenn er jedoch tatsächlich glaubt, dass andere wohl kaum seine Prinzipen soweit entfalten würden, dann lasst ihn einige Jahre zurückblicken und er wird feststellen, dass es ausgerechnet eine Freiheit des offenen Gewissens war, die die Initialzündung zu all dem Chaos, den bis dahin nie gehörten und zerstörerischen Meinungen gab, die diese Nation überrannten.

Keine anderen Herzen schlagen heute in der Menschen Brust, noch genauso anfällig für eifernde Täuschung und religiöse Raserei. Es bedarf nur ein paar übrig gebliebener starker Männer, um sie zu inspirieren und sie mit derlei Lehren anzuheizen.

Natürlich kann ich nicht bestreiten, dass alle ernsthaften und zartbesaiteten Christen respektvoll und höflich zu behandeln sind und man in vielem mit ihnen nachsichtig sein sollte, aber wer wäre in der Lage, sie zu unterscheiden und falls ihnen eine solche Toleranz als Recht zugestanden wird, wer könnte andere daran hindern, die mehr als nur darauf vorbereitet sind, auf der gleichen Forderung zu bestehen?

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John Locke, Two Tracts on Government, Tract I, Section 64, Absatz 64,

John Locke: Two Tracts on Government

John Locke, Two Tracts on Government,

Tract I, Section 64, Absatz 64,

All that the author says in his third instance from Paul’s opposing the false brethren is no more than hath been urged and answered above in the same case of the Galatians130, only there it is brought as a precept, here as an example. From whence in the close he comes to lay down a very strange position, viz.:

“When any shall take upon them to make a thing indifferent necessary, then the thing so imposed presently loses not its liberty only, but likewise its lawfulness. And we may not without breach of the Apostle’s precept resist to it.”

A conclusion that by no means can be drawn from his instance, Gal.2, where those the Apostle disputes against were not any that pretended a power to make laws, or imposed those as their own injunctions, but urged them as necessary doctrines and the laws of God which obliged their consciences.

The Scripture, that almost everywhere commands Submission though contrary to the whole bent of our inclinations, could never be thought to teach us disobedience and that too contrary to our wills; this is an opinion so monstrous that it cannot without a very great injury be fathered upon the Apostles.

Who can believe that the magistrate’s authority should make anything unlawful by enjoining it; that if in those things we are cheerfully doing ourselves his command should come and encourage us we ought presently to stop, to turn about and resist him and at once oppose his and our own wills too, alone, as if a child going to church of his own accord being by the way commanded by his father to go on ought straight to return back again?

If this doctrine be true, I know not how any law can be established by the magistrate or obeyed by the subject, indifferent things of civil as well as religious concernment being of the same nature, and will always be so, till our author can show where God hath put a distinction between them, this I’m sure that according to his own rule the observation of a fast enjoined by the magistrate must needs be a sin, it being an imposition relating to the worship of God in indifferent things.

An anniversary Thanksgiving Day will be but an anniversary provocation, and those that assemble in obedience to such a command instead of returning a praise to God for a blessing, would call down on their heads a curse. This is truly to ensnare the consciences of men and put them under a necessary of sinning, a doctrine which strikes at the very root and foundation of allows and government and opens a gap so wide to disobedience and disorder as will quickly ruin the best founded societies.

Let the people (whose ears are always open to complaints against their governors, who greedily swallow all pleas for liberty) but once hear that the magistrate hath no authority to enjoin things indifferent in matters of religion, they will all of an instant be converts, conscience and religion shall presently mingle itself with all their actions and be spread over their whole lives to protect them from the reach of the magistrate, and they will quickly find the large extent of inordine ad spiritualia.

Let but the ruler’s power be excluded out of the sanctuary and it will prove an asylum for the greatest enormities, tithes will be as unlawful as sacrifice, and civil respect to a man as impious as if it were divine adoration, the stubborn servant will beard his master with a charter of freedom under Paul’s hand, “Be ye not the servants of men.” Nor will our author’s interpretation be able to prevent it.

Magistracy itself will at last be concluded anti-Christian, (as the author himself confesses many do, p. 1). Let the multitude be once persuaded that obedience to impositions in indifferent things is sin and it will not be long ere they find it their duty to pull down the imposer.

Do but once arm their consciences against the magistrate and their hands will not be long idle or innocent.

But of inconveniencies I shall have more occasion to speak in his next argument.

Alles was der Autor bei diesem dritten Beispiel für den Widerstand des Paulus gegen die falschen Glaubensbrüder vorbringt, ist kein Stück mehr als bereits zuvor aufgedrängt und zur Antwort gegeben wurde. Es ging dabei um die Angelegenheit der Galater130, nur wurde es dort als Gebot zitiert, hier als Beispiel. Da er schon mal dabei ist, bezieht er eine äußert merkwürdige Position:

„Sobald es jemandem einfällt, eine bislang unbestimmte Gegebenheit zur Notwendigkeit zu erklären, dann verliert diese Angelegenheit nicht nur ihre bisherige Unverbindlichkeit, sondern gleichermaßen ihre Rechtmäßigkeit. Weshalb wir keine Chance haben, dabei ohne Verletzung des Gebots der Apostel Widerstand leisten zu dürfen.“

Diese Schlussfolgerung kann er mit keinem Mittel oder Trick aus seinem Beispiel in Galater 2 ziehen, in welchem diejenigen, gegen deren Vorstellungen der Apostel argumentiert, weder irgendeine Macht zur Gesetzgebung für sich in Anspruch nahmen, noch solche Regeln als ihre eigenen Verfügungen aufstellten, sondern hartnäckig darauf beharrten, es seien notwendige Lehren und es sei das Gesetz Gottes, das ihr Gewissen verpflichtete.

Die Heilige Schrift, die nahezu in jeder Hinsicht Unterordnung anordnet, selbst wenn dies bis in die letzte Verästelung unserer persönlichen Vorlieben reicht, kann man sich unmöglich jemals als Lehrbuch vorstellen, welches uns Ungehorsam lehrt, und dann auch noch gegen unseren Willen. Eine solche Meinung ist derart abartig, dass sie jedenfalls keinesfalls ohne allergrößtes Unrecht zu begehen als Erzeugnis der Apostel verkauft werden kann.

Wer käme den auf die absurde Idee, eine Obrigkeit könne irgendetwas Unrechtmäßiges verkünden, nur weil sie es beschließt? Das wir etwa, wenn eine ihrer Anordnungen uns ereilte und uns augenblicklich sofortigen Einhalt geböte, während wir gerade fröhlich wie gewohnt unseren eigenen Angelegenheiten nachgehen, auf dem Absatz gegen sie kehrt machten, ihr umgehend Widerstand entgegensetzten und dadurch auch unseren eigenen Willen verwerfen würden? Geradeso als ginge ein Kind aus eigenem Antrieb zur Kirche und würde unterdessen von seinem Vater angewiesen das Vorhaben fortzuführen, indem es auf direktem Wege zurückzukehrt?

Entspräche diese Lehre der Wahrheit, wüsste ich nicht wie irgendein Gesetz durch eine Obrigkeit in Kraft gesetzt werden könnte oder verlässlich mit dem Gehorsam der Untergeordneten zu rechnen wäre. Wären die unbestimmten Gegebenheiten sowohl bürgerliche als auch religiöse Dinge betreffend gleicher Natur und wäre das stets so, als bis unser Autor beweisen kann, an welcher Stelle Gott eine Möglichkeit zur Unterscheidung zwischen ihnen geschaffen hat, dann wäre ich sicher, dass gemäß seiner eigenen Regel die Beachtung einer Fastenzeit, welche die Obrigkeit bestimmt hat, notwendigerweise eine Sünde darstellen würde, da es sich um eine Bestimmung in einem Bereich handelt, bei dem es um durch Gott unbestimmte Angelegenheiten zu dessen eigener Huldigung geht.

Alljährlich z. B. das Erntedankfest zu begehen wäre eine alljährliche Provokation und alle, die sich einfinden, um eine diesbezügliche Anordnung gesammelt auszuführen anstatt Gott für jede Segnung extra ein Gebet zu entrichten, würden sich dessen Fluch aufs Haupt laden. Hier handelt es sich in Wahrheit um einen Versuch, das Gewissen der Menschen zu umgarnen und einzuwickeln, indem man ihnen die Unvermeidbarkeit des Sündigens einredet. Eine Lehre, die Hand und Schlag an die tiefsten Wurzeln und Grundlagen aller Freiräume sowie der Regierung selbst legt und die eine so breite Bresche für Ungehorsam und Chaos öffnet, dass sie auf kürzestem Wege selbst die am besten organisierten Gesellschaften ruinieren wird.

Versetzt die Bevölkerung (deren Ohren stets für allerlei Beschwerden gegen ihre Regenten offen sind und die gierig jede Art Ruf nach Freiheit in sich aufsaugen) nur einmal in den Glauben, die Obrigkeit habe keinerlei Autorität in irgendwelchen religiösen Angelegenheiten irgendetwas betreffend die (seitens Gott) unbestimmten Gegebenheiten vorzuschreiben, dann werden sie alle augenblicklich zu Bekehrten, Gewissen und Religion werden sich unversehens von selbst bei allen ihren Aktivitäten vermengen und jeden Lebensbereich durchdringen, nur um sich dem Arm der Obrigkeit zu entziehen. Und sehr bald werden sie die gewaltigen Auswirkungen von inordine ad spiritualia (Unordnung bei spirituellen Fragen) kennen lernen.

Setzt die Macht der Regenten nur ruhig vor die Türe der Heiligtümer und diese werden sich als Zuflucht für die allergrößten Ungeheuerlichkeiten erweisen. Der Zehnt wird als unrechtmäßige Opfergabe an den Staat deklariert, staatbürgerlicher Respekt vor Menschen als Mangel an Frömmigkeit, da er als göttliche Verehrung von Amtspersonen ausgegeben wird, ein jeder halsstarrige, störrische Sklave oder Knecht wird seinem Herrn eine von Paulus höchstpersönlich signierte Charta der Freiheit unter die Nase halten: „Macht Euch nicht zu Sklaven von Menschen.“ Und schon gar nicht wird die Interpretation unseres Autors in der Lage sein, davor zu schützen.

Selbst staatliche Verwaltung wird schließlich als antichristlich bezeichnet werden, (gerade da der Autor selbst auf Seite 1 zugibt, dass viele es bereits so halten). Überzeugt die Menge nur einmal davon, dass Gehorsam gegenüber staatlichen Verfügungen über (von Gott) unbestimmte Dinge Sünde sei, und es wird nicht lange brauchen, bis Ihr seht, dass jene Menge es als ihre Pflicht ansieht, die Verfügenden zu stürzen.

Rüstet ihr Gewissen nur ein einziges Mal weidlich gegen die Obrigkeit aus und ihre Hände werden nicht mehr lange untätig und unschuldig bleiben.

Über die Unannehmbarkeiten zu sprechen werde ich indes mehr Gelegenheit bei seinem nächsten Argument haben.

130https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatians_(people)

130https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galater

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John Locke, Two Tracts on Government, Tract I, Section 59, Absatz 59,

John Locke: Two Tracts on Government

John Locke, Two Tracts on Government,

Tract I, Section 59, Absatz 59,

“From which God hath either expressly etc.” if God hath tacitly freed us from those things which he hath not expressly commanded I can acknowledge no book of statutes but the Bible, and acts of Parliament can have no obligation.

“This is nothing else but to tempt etc.” ‚tis so if we interpose in matters forbidden or commanded by him already, in the rest the magistrate may use his authority without incurring this censure.

“Again James decries those ceremonies upon this score, lest they should be troublesome to the converted Gentiles.” It could not but become their Christian prudence to open as easy a passage as they could to the conversion of the Gentiles, to remove all possible rubs out of their way and not cumber the progress of the yet infant Gospel with unnecessary ceremonies, but the magistrate when his already converted people shall trouble themselves and him too about things indifferent and from thence grow into dangerous factions and tumults, may determine the business by injunctions or prohibitions without any prejudice to the doctrines of Christianity. The magistrate indeed ought not to be troublesome by his injunctions to the people, but he alone is judge what is so and what not.

“Wovon uns Gott entweder ausdrücklich etc.,“ wenn Gott uns stillschweigend von allen Angelegenheiten befreit hat, die er nicht ausdrücklich angeordnet hat, kann ich kein Buch von Rang anerkennen außer der Bibel und Handlungen und Beschlüsse eines Parlaments haben überhaupt keine Verpflichtung.

“Das ist nichts anderes als herauszufordern etc.“ es verhält sich so, wenn wir in verbotene oder bereits durch ihn angeordnete Angelegenheiten eingreifen. Über alles Übrige darf die Obrigkeit ihre Autorität wahrnehmen, ohne dieser Zensur zu unterliegen.

“Ein weiteres Mal widerruft Jakobus fragliche Zeremonien an Hand dieser Bewertung, damit sie keine Verärgerung bei den konvertierten Heiden auslösen.“

Es konnte nichts mehr für ihre christliche Klugheit sprechen, als der Bekehrung der Heiden den einfachsten Weg zu eröffnen, den sie gehen konnten und alle möglichen Stolpersteine aus dem Weg räumen und die Verbreitung des noch jungfräulichen Evangeliums nicht mit unnötigen Zeremonien zu behindern. Sollten aber die gerade neu Bekehrten sich selbst und die Obrigkeit im Streit über unbestimmte Gegebenheiten in Schwierigkeiten bringen und sich von dort zu gefährlichen Aufständen und Tumulten vergrößern, dann darf die Obrigkeit die Sache durch Verfügungen oder Verbote ohne jeden Nachteil für die Lehren der Christenheit festlegen. Die Obrigkeit sollte zwar in der Tat durch ihre Verfügungen die Bevölkerung nicht verärgern, dennoch ist sie allein der Richter darüber, womit es sich so verhält und womit nicht.

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John Locke, Two Tracts on Government, Tract I, Section 48, Absatz 48,

John Locke: Two Tracts on Government

John Locke, Two Tracts on Government,

Tract I, Section 48, Absatz 48,

‚Tis true, “who would have his conscience imposed upon?” and ‚tis as true, who would pay taxes? Who would be poor? Who almost would not be a Prince? And yet these (as some think them) burdens, this inequality, is owing all to human laws and those just enough, the law of God or nature neither distinguishing their degrees nor bounding their possessions. I grant all agree that conscience is tenderly to be dealt with, and not to be imposed on, but if the determining any indifferent outward action contrary to a man’s persuasion, (conscience being nothing but an opinion of the truth of any practical position, which may concern any actions as well moral as religious, civil as ecclesiastical) be imposing on conscience and so unlawful, I know not how a Quaker should be compelled by hat or leg to pay a due respect to the magistrate or an Anabaptist be forced to pay tithes, who if conscience be a sufficient plea for toleration (since we in charity ought to think them as sincere in their profession as others than whom they are found less wavering), have as much reason not to feel constraint as those who contend so much for or against a surplice, for not putting off the hat grounded upon a command of the Gospel, though misunderstood, is as much an act of religion and matter of conscience to those so persuaded as not wearing a surplice.

Imposing on conscience seems to me to be, the pressing of doctrines or laws upon the belief or practice of men as of divine original, as necessary to salvation and in themselves obliging the conscience, when indeed they are no other but the ordinances of men and the products of their authority; otherwise, if you take it in our author’s sense every lawful command of the magistrate, since we are to obey them for conscience sake, would be an imposing on conscience and so according to his way of arguing unlawful.

So wie diese rhetorische Frage zutrifft: “Wer möchte sein Gewissen bevormundet wissen?” treffen jene genauso zu: Wer zahlt gern Steuern? Wer wäre gern arm? Wer wäre nicht am liebsten ein Fürst? Dabei sind diese Art (manche sehen sie so) Bürden und Lasten allesamt menschlichen Gesetzen geschuldet und diesen gemäß rechtmäßig. Das Gesetz Gottes oder der Natur unterscheidet Menschen nämlich weder nach Rang noch nach Besitz. Ich versichere Euch all meiner Zustimmung, dass das Gewissen eines jeden mit Sorgfalt zu behandeln ist und ihm nichts aufoktroyiert werden darf. Wäre aber die Festlegung irgendwelcher unbestimmter äußerlicher Handlungen den Überzeugungen eines Menschen zuwider (Gewissen ist schließlich nichts als eine Meinung über die Wahrhaftigkeit irgendeines faktischen Standpunktes. Dieser kann irgendwelche Handlungen in gleicher Weise betreffen, seien sie nun moralisch oder religiös, staatsbürgerlich oder kirchlich) eine Verfügung über dessen Gewissen und in der Tat so unrechtmäßig, wüsste ich keinen Weg wie ein Quäker gezwungen werden könnte, durch Ziehen des Huts oder den Höflichkeitknicks der Obrigkeit den schuldigen Respekt entgegenzubringen oder wie ein Wiedertäufer dazu genötigt werden könnte, den Zehnt zu bezahlen. Die beiden haben, falls das Gewissen eine ausreichende Begründung für Toleranz wäre (seit wir im Sinne der Barmherzigkeit beide uns als ebenso ernsthaft in ihrem Glaubensbekenntnis vorstellen sollten wie die anderen, bezüglich derer wir sie beide als weniger kompromissbereit kennen) genauso viel Grund sich nicht eingeschränkt zu fühlen, wie jene die sich so sehr für oder gegen das Chorhemd ins Zeug legen. Die Weigerung den Hut zu ziehen, gegründet auf eine Anordnung der Offenbarung, wie missverstanden auch immer, ist genauso sehr eine religiöse Handlung und eine Frage des Gewissens für alle, die davon überzeugt sind, wie die Weigerung, ein Chorhemd zu tragen. Über das Gewissen Verfügungen zu treffen kommt mir vor, wie Lehren oder Gesetze auf Glauben und Verhalten von Menschen aufzupressen, als wären sie göttlichen Ursprungs, unabdingbar notwendig für die Erlösung und dadurch für sich selbst das Gewissen zu verpflichten, während es sich tatsächlich um nichts weniger handelt als um Anordnungen von gewöhnlichen Menschen und Auswürfe derer Autorität. Andernfalls, falls Ihr es in unseres Autors Sinn auffassen wollt, wäre jede rechtmäßige Anordnung der Obrigkeit, seit wir ihr aus Gewissengründen zu gehorchen haben, eine Verfügung über das Gewissen und damit gemäß dieser Art herumzustreiten unrechtmäßig.

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John Locke, Two Tracts on Government, Tract I, Section 44, Absatz 44,

John Locke: Two Tracts on Government

John Locke, Two Tracts on Government,

Tract I, Section 44, Absatz 44,

But I think it will not follow that because that law ceased which was inconsistent with the Gospel that therefore the Christian magistrate’s authority doth too, that because a law repealed by God himself could not be urged as in force, therefore no other law can be enacted. Those injunctions were rejected because the law from which they were urged was inconsistent with the Gospel and so will the magistrate’s be also when they can be proved inconsistent too, which must be by some other argument than that of the ceremonial laws being antiquated. In vain, therefore, shall anyone from hence plead for any other liberty than what the Apostle asserts, which was nothing but a freedom from the ceremonial law which after Christ was bondage, as is evident from the whole Epistle, and the Galatians130 and all Christians “shall stand fast enough in their liberty” if they preserve it from the encroachments and corrupt doctrines of false brethren, and not the injunctions of the lawful magistrate. It was the false brethren that were most dangerous to Christian liberty, and ensnared the consciences with a bondage to that as a necessary law and of divine authority and so obliging the consciences which God himself had repealed and nulled by sending the Messiah; the magistrate is not at all touched at in the whole Epistle: who, notwithstanding the ceremonial law hath lost its obligation as the law of God, may enforce his own laws as the laws of a man who is the Steward and judge of the public good.

Ferner denke ich, kann aus der Außerkraftsetzung eines Rechts, welches mit dem Evangelium unvereinbar ist, nicht folgerbar sein, die Autorität einer christlichen Obrigkeit ende ebenfalls. Nur weil ein durch Gott selbst verworfenes Recht nicht mehr als in Kraft sitzend bewertet werden kann, deswegen dürfe kein anderes Recht in Kraft gesetzt werden? Die betroffenen Verfügungen wurden verworfen, da das Recht, auf Grund dessen sie erlassen wurden mit dem Evangelium nicht mehr vereinbar war. Und dasselbe Schicksal träfe die Obrigkeit, wenn bewiesen werden kann, ihre Rechtmäßigkeit wäre in der gleichen Hinsicht unvereinbar, was allerdings mit einem anderen Argument zu geschehen hätte, als aus dem Umstand, das Zeremonialrecht wäre antiquiert. Vergeblich wäre deswegen seit damals jegliches Plädoyer für irgendeine andere Freiheit als die von den Aposteln zugestandene, die in nichts anderem bestand als bezüglich des zeremoniellen Rechts frei zu sein, welches nach Christus als Fesselung zu sehen war, wie aus dem gesamten Brief evident deutlich wird.

Unter diesem Aspekt sollten alle Galater130 und Christen “auseichend beharrlich auf ihrer Freiheit bestehen“, sofern sie diese vor den Übergriffen und verderblichen Lehren falscher Glaubensbrüder bewahren wollten und nicht etwa vor den einstweiligen Verfügungen einer rechtmäßigen Obrigkeit. Es sind und waren die falschen Glaubensbrüder, die der christlichen Freiheit stets am gefährlichsten waren, die das Gewissen durch Knebelung in den Glauben verstrickten, es handle sich um ein notwendiges Recht göttlicher Provenienz und Autorität und die auf diesem Weg die Gewissen verpflichten wollten, obwohl Gott selbst es durch Sendung des Messias verworfen und annulliert hatte. Die Obrigkeit jedoch wird in dem gesamten Brief nichts weniger als überhaupt nicht angesprochen: Sie darf ihre eigenen Gesetze erlassen, als wären es die Gesetze einer Person, die den obersten Verwalter und Richter des Gemeinwohl darstellt, ungeachtet des Verlusts aller Verbindlichkeit als göttliches Recht seitens des Zeremonialrechts.

130https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatians_(people)

130https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galater

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TToG I § 154

John Locke: Two Treatises of Government

§ 154. And methinks he should have let Homer and his wars of Troy alone, since his great zeal to truth or monarchy carried him to such a pitch of transport against philosophers and poets, that he tells us in his preface, that there are too many in these days, who please themselves in running after the opinions of philosophers and poets, to find out such an original of government, as might promise them some title to liberty, to the great scandal of Christianity, and bringing in of atheism.

And yet these heathens, philosopher Aristotle, and poet Homer, are not rejected by our zealous Christian politician, whenever they offer any thing that seems to serve his turn; whether to the great scandal of Christianity and bringing in of atheism, let him look.

This I cannot but observe, in authors who it is visible write not for truth, how ready zeal for interest and party is to entitle Christianity to their designs, and to charge atheism on those who will not without examining submit to their doctrines, and blindly swallow their nonsense. But to return to his scripture history, our author farther tells us, p. 18, that after the return of the Israelites out of bondage, God, out of a special care of them, chose Moses and Joshua successively to govern as Princes in the place and stead of the supreme fathers.

If it be true, that they returned out of bondage, it must be into a state of freedom, and must imply that both before and after this bondage they were free, unless our author will say, that changing of masters is returning out of bondage; or that a slave returns out of bondage, when he is removed from one galley to another.

If then they returned out of bondage, it is plain that in those days, whatever our author in his preface says to the contrary, there were difference between a son, a subject and a slave; and that neither the patriarchs before, nor their rulers after this Egyptian bondage, numbered their sons or subjects amongst their possessions, and disposed of them with as absolute a dominion as they did their other goods.

§ 154. Mir drängt sich in mein Denken, er hätte besser Homer und dessen trojanischen Krieg im Regal gelassen, nachdem ihn sein flammender Eifer für Wahrheit oder Monarchie zu einem derartigen Wutausbruch gegen Philosophen und Dichter hingerissen hatte, das er in seinem Vorwort kaum an sich halten kann: In unseren Tagen gibt es zu viele, die sich darin gefallen, den Ansichten von Philosophen und Dichtern nachzulaufen, um einen Ursprung für Regentschaft ausfindig zu machen, der ihnen einen Anspruch auf Freiheit versprechen könnte. Zum großen
Ärgernis der Christenheit und zur Verbreitung von Atheismus. Und doch bedient er sich freizügig bei diesen Heiden, Aristoteles der Philosoph und Homer der Dichter. Von unserem eifrigen christlichen Politiker niemals verworfen, sobald sie etwas bieten, was ihm für seine Ziele nützlich scheint. Ob nun zum großen Ärgernis der Christenheit oder um den Atheismus zu verbreiten, soll er selber verstehen.

Unvermeidlicherweise nehme ich es wahr und kann mir die Bemerkung nicht verkneifen: Es sind Autoren wie er, die sichtlich nicht für die Wahrheit schreiben, deren Interesse und Parteilichkeit stets bereit ist, Christentum groß in Titel und Text ihrer Werke zu schreiben und alle der Gottlosigkeit bezichtigen, die sich ihren Lehren nicht ohne Prüfung unterwerfen und ihren Unsinn nicht blind und stumm schlucken wollen.

Um wieder zur biblischen Geschichte zurückzukehren:
Unser Autor schildert S. 18: Nach der Rückkehr der Israeliten aus der Knechtschaft wählte Gott aus besonderer Fürsorge Moses und nach diesem Josua aus, um als Fürsten anstelle der ältesten Väter zu regieren. Sollten sie tatsächlich aus einer Knechtschaft zurückgekehrt sein, muss es in einen Zustand von Freiheit erfolgt sein. Das beinhaltet, sie waren sowohl vor als nach dieser Knechtschaft ein freies Volk. Es sei denn, unser Autor will zum Ausdruck bringen, den Herrn wechseln hieße aus Knechtschaft zurückkehren.

Oder ein Sklave kehre aus seiner Knechtschaft zurück, wenn er von einer Galeere auf die andere gebracht wird. Kehrten sie also aus Knechtschaft zurück, ist klar: In jenen Tagen bestand, was auch unser Autor in seinem Vorwort dagegen sagen mag, ein Unterschied zwischen einem Sohn, einem Untertan und einem Sklaven. Weder die Patriarchen vor, noch die Herrscher nach dieser ägyptischen Knechtschaft rechneten ihre Söhne oder Untertanen zu ihrem Besitz oder verfügten gar mit ebenso absoluter Herrschaft über diese wie über ihre anderen Güter.

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