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Edward Bagshaw THE GREAT QUESTION CONCERNING THINGS INDIFFERENT IN RELIGOUS WORSHIP

THE GREAT QUESTION CONCERNING THINGS INDIFFERENT IN RELIGOUS WORSHIP

THE GREAT QUESTION CONCERNING THINGS INDIFFERENT IN RELIGOUS WORSHIP,

Briefly stated and tendred to die consideration of all sober and impartial men.

The third edition, Chillingworth Praef. §. 34.

Not protestants for rejecting, but the church of Rome for imposing upon the faith of christians, doctrines unwritten and unnecessary, and for disturbing the churches peace, and dividing unity in such matters, is in an high degree presumptuous and schismatical.

London, printed in the year, 1660.

The publisher of this treatise to the christian and candid reader.

Though opinions should be weighed, not by the reputation of the authors which deliver, but by the strength of the arguments which defend them yet it is too usual with unobserving readers, to slight the argument for the author’s sake, and to consider, not so much what is said who it is that says it. Which being the common fate of most discourses, such especially as do at all meddle with that excellent, but too much abused notion of christian liberty, do most expose the writers to censure: The most obvious character that is fastened upon them, being, that they are men either of loose, or else of factious principles: And so being discredited, before the are read, their books, how sober soever, do not remove, but only fettle and fix the preconceived prejudice; as in diseased stomachs, everything they take turns to nourish and to increase the humor.

That this is like to be the fortune of this small treatise, I have reason to expect, and therefore I have suffered it to run abroad in the world without, a name like one of those (unreadable Greek spelling) Pliny mentions, as if it were born of itself and begotten without a parent. That so those few readers it may meet with, may only fasten upon the faults of the discourse itself without diverting themselves unto that question, which all times, as well at Saul’s, have malice enough to make a proverb of, but who is their father? Yet christian reader, that it may appear only with its own faults, and have no aggravating suspicions upon it, from any mistake of the authors design or humor, I have adventured to give thee this account of him.

First, that he is a strict assertor of the doctrine of the church of England, as it is contained in the 39 articles, and for that which is the prime branch of discipline, viz. episcopacy, or the subordination between bishops and presbyters, he doth own it to be of apostolical institution, that is, as he understands jure divino. At least he thinks himself able to speak as much for the order of bishops in the church, as any can for the baptizing of infants, for the change of the Sabbath, or for anything else, which hath no particular divine precept, but only primitive practice and example to warrant it. And therefore in conformity to this principle of his, when the bishops were sunk lowest, not only for pomp but likewise for reputation and when no temptation either of profit or convenience, but rather the contrary, could work upon him, he then chose to be ordained a presbyter by one of them: which is a greater argument of his reality and steadfastness in judgment, then most of those, who now signalize themselves by distinctive habits, can pretend to; since such may reasonably be presumed to wear them, either because they are the fashion, or else the way to preferment.

Secondly, this I must say likewise, that none is more satisfied with the present government, or hath a more loyal and affectionate esteem for his Majesties person and prudence, than this writer: and therefore instead of declaiming against, or too rigid re-enforcing our old rites, fitted only for the infancy of the church these being as it were its swaddling clouts, and at the best do but show its minority he doth heartily wish that all parties would agree to refer the whole cause of ceremonies to  his Majesties single decision: From whose unwearied endeavors in procuring first, and afterwards in passing so full an amnesty of allow civil discord, we need not doubt but we may obtain, that these apples of ecclesiastical contention may be removed out of the way. Which are so very trifles, that they would vanish of themselves, but that some men’s  pride, others want of merit make them so solicitous to continue them lest it those little things were once taken away, they should want something whereby to make themselves remarkable.

Lastly he doth profess yet further that as to himself be needs not that liberty, which here he pleads for, since, though for the present he doth make use of that indulgence, which his Majesty hath been pleased to allow unto tender conferences, i.e. to all rational and sober christians: (the continuance of which, he dares not so much wrong his Majesties goodness, as once to question) yet should his Majesty be prevailed upon for some reason of state, to enjoin outward conformity, this writer is resolved by the help of God, either to submit with cheerfulness or else to suffer with silence.

For as there is an active disobedience, viz. resist which is a practice he abhors, so there is a passive disobedience, and that is, to repine (hadern) which he can by no means approve of. Since whatever he cannot conscientiously do, he thinks himself obliged to suffer for, with as much joy, and with as little reluctance, as if any other act of obedience was called for from him.

Having said this concerning the author, I need not speak much concerning the argument, but only this, that it was not written out of vanity or ostentation of wit; but as a question, in which he is really unsatisfied and therefore thought himself bound to impart his doubts: Which having done to many in discourse, with little success or satisfaction; he hath now communicated them to the world, hoping they may light into such men’s hands, who may he prevailed upon, if not to alter the judgment, yet at least to moderate the passion of some, who would put out our eyes, because we cannot see with their spectacles; and who have placed ceremonies about religion, a little too truly as a fence: For they serve to keep out all others from their communion. All therefore which this treatise aims at, is briefly to prove this, — that none is to hedge up the way to heaven; or by scattering thornes (Dornen) and punctilio’s (Nadelspitzen) in it, to make christianity more cumbersome, tedious, and difficult, then Christ hath left it. That is in short, that none can impose, what our Savior in his infinite wisdom did not think necessary, and therefore left free.

Farewell

 

THE GREAT QUESTION

Concerning things indifferent in religious worship

Briefly stated and tendred (vorgestellt) to the consideration of all sober and impartial men.

Question: Whether the civil magistrate may lawfully impose and determine the use of indifferent things, in reference to religious worship.

For the understanding and right stating of this question, I will suppose these two things;

1.That a christian may be a magistrate; this I know many do deny, grounding themselves upon that discourse of our Savior to his disciples, “Ye know”, said he, “that the Princes of the Gentiles do exercise dominion over them, and they that are great, exercise authority upon them. But it shall not be so much amongst you:” from whence they infer, that all who will‘ be Christ’s disciples, are thereby forbid any exercise of temporal sovereignty. And I remember amongst many other of the primitive writers, who were of the same opinion, Tertullian in his apology doth expressly say “nos ad omnem, ambitionis auram frigemus”, &c. We Christians says he, have not the least taint of ambition, being so far from affecting honors, that we look not after so much as the aedileship (Ädile), which was the lowest magistracy in Rome; and afterwards of Tiberius, “Tiberius”, says he, “would have become a christian, if either the world did not need or it were lawful for christians to be emperors.”

Many other expressions there are both in Tertullian, Cyprian and Origen, to the same purpose. But because the practice of the christian world, down from Constantine’s time, even in the most reformed churches hath carried it in the affirmative for christian magistracy; and the contrary doctrine, besides the gap it opens to all civil confusion, is built only upon some remote consequences from Scripture, rather than any direct proof; I will therefore admit that a Christian may lawfully exercise the highest place of magistracy, only as the Apostle sais in another case, in the Lord, i.e. no: extending his commission farther than the word of God doth warrant him.

  1. I will suppose that there are some things in their own nature indifferent, I mean, those outward circumstances of our actions: which the law of God hath left free and arbitrary, giving us only general precepts for the use of them either way: Such are, do all things to the glory of God, and do what makes most for edification, and the like, which rules whoever observes, may in things indifferent, either do or forbear them, as he in his christian prudence shall think convenient.

Of these indifferent things some are purely so, as the time and place of meeting for religious worship; which seem to me, to be so very indifferent, that they cannot without great violence, be wrested to any superstitious observance; and therefore concerning these I do not dispute.

Other things there are, commonly supposed indifferent in their own nature, but by abuse have become occasions of superstition: such as are, bowing in the name of Jesus, the cross in Baptism, pictures in churches, surplices in preaching, kneeling at the sacrament, set forms of prayer, and the like; all which seem to some indifferent in their own nature, and by any who is persuaded in his confidence of the lawfulness of them, without doubt may lawfully enough be practiced; yet I hold it utterly unlawful for any christian magistrate to impose the use of them. And that for these reasons:

First, because it is directly contrary to the nature of christian religion in general, which in every part of it is to be free and unforced; for since the christian magistrate cannot, as I think now all protestant writers do agree, force his religion upon any, but is to leave even those poor creatures the Jews and Mahometans to their unbelief (though they certainly perish in it) rather than by fines and imprisonments to torture them out of it; then much less may he abridge his fellow Christian in things of lesser moment, and which concern not the substance of his religion, from using that liberty in serving God, which his conscience prompts him to, and the nature of his religion doth warrant him in. For God as he loves cheerful giver, so likewise a cheerful worshipper, accepting of no more than we willingly perform.

Secondly and more particularly. This imposing of things indifferent, is directly contrary co Gospel precept. Our Savior doth in many places inveigh against the rigid and imposing pharisees, for laying yokes upon others, and therefore invites all to come unto him for freedom. “Take my yoke upon you,” said he, “for it is easy, and my burden is light. And if the son set you free, then are you free indeed. Whereby freedom I do not only understand freedom from sin, but from all human impositions; since the Apostle Paul doth seem to allude unto this place, in that command of his to the Galatians, “stand fast in the liberty, wherewith Christ hath made you free and be not again entangled with the yoke of bondage”; where, that I may prevent an objection, I will grant, that by yoke of bondage, he understands circumcision and other Jewish ceremonies; but from thence I will draw an unanswerable argument against the urging of any other now upon a christian account; for since the mosaical ceremonies which had so much to plead for themselves, upon the account of their divine original; and which even after they were fulfilled by our Savior, still remained indifferent in their use, and were so esteemed and practiced by Paul; yet when once they were imposed, and a necessity pleaded for their continuance, the Apostle writes sharply against them, exhorting the Galatians to stand fast in their liberty, as part of our Saviors purchase. If this, I say, was the cafe with those old rites, then much less can any now impose an invented form of worship, for which there cannot be pretended the least warrant that ever God did authorize it. And it seems altogether needless, that the Jewish ceremonies, should, as to their necessity at least, expire and be abrogated, if others might succeed in their room, and be as strictly commanded, as ever the former were.

For this only returns us to our bondage again, which is so much the more intolerable, in that our religion is styled the perfect law of liberty: Which liberty I understand not wherein it consists, if in things necessary, we are already determined by God, and in things indifferent we may still be tied up to humane ordinances, and outside rites, at the pleasure of our christian magistrates.

To these Scriptures which directly deny all imposition, maybe added all those texts, which consequentially do it, such as are “Do to others, as you would have others do to you”: And who is there that would have his conscience imposed upon? “And you that are strong   bear with the infirmity of the weak; whereas this practice will be so far from easing the burden of the weak; that if men are at all scrupulous, it only lays more load upon them. These scriptures with many hundreds the like, show that this kind of rigor is utterly inconsistent with the rules of christian forbearance and charity, which no christian magistrate ought to think himself absolved from: Since though as a magistrate he hath a power in civil things yet as a christian, he ought to have a care that in things of spiritual concernment he grieve not the minds of any, who are upon that relation, not his subjects, so much as his brethren: and therefore since they have left their natural, and voluntarily parted with their civil, they ought not to be entrenched upon in their spiritual freedom: especially by such a magistrate, who owning the same principles of religion with them, is thereby engaged to use his power, only to support, and not to ensnare them, to bound perhaps, but not to abridge their liberty; to keep it indeed from running into licentiousness (which is a moral evil) but not to shackle, undermine, and fetter it, under pretence of decency and order. Which when once it comes to be an order of constraint and not of consent, it is nothing else but in the imposer, tyranny in the person imposed upon, bondage: And makes him to be, what in things appertaining to religion we are forbidden to be, viz. “the servants of men. Ye are bought”, said the Apostle, with a price and manumitted by Christ, “be you not the servants of men:” which prohibition doth not forbid civil service, for he said a little before. “Art thou called while thou art a servant? Care not for it; but if thou canst be free, use it rather,” implying, that civil liberty is to be preferred before servitude, yet not to be much contended for, but held as a matter indifferent; but when once our masters, shall extend their rule over the conscience, then this precept holds valid, “be ye not the servants of men”

Thirdly, it is contrary co christian practice, of which we have many remarkable instances:

The first shall be that of our Savior Christ, who was of a  most sweet and complying disposition; he says of himself, that he came eating and drinking, i.e. doing the common actions of other men; and therefore he never disclaimed to keep company with any, even the meanest and most despicable sinner; his retinue consisting for the most part of those the Jews called,  (unreadable Greek spelling) i. e. sinners in an eminent find notorious manner; whom as a physician he not only cured; but as a merciful priest sought out to save. Yet when his christian liberty came once to be invaded, he laid aside his gentleness, and proved a stifle and peremptory assertor of it.

To omit many passages, of which his story is full, I shall mention but one and that was his refuting to wash his hands before meat. This was not only a thing in itself indifferent, but likewise had some argument from decency to induce, and a constant tradition from the Elders or Sanhedrim to enforce it, who at this time were not only their ecclesiastical but their civil rulers: Yet all these motives, in a thing so innocent and small as that was, could not prevail with our Savior to quit his liberty of eating with unwashed hands. And in defense of himself, he calls them superstitious fools, and blind guides, who were offended at him; and leaves two unanswerable arguments, which are of equal validity in things of the like nature. As

  1. That this was not a plant, of his father’s planting, and therefore it should be rooted up whereby our Savior intimates, that as the Pharisees had no divine warrant to prescribe such a toy as that was, so God would at last declare his indignation against their supererogatory worship, by pulling it up root and branch. From whence I gather this rule, that when once human inventions become impositions, and lay a necessity upon that, which God hath left free; then may we lawfully reject them, as plants of mans setting, and not of Gods owning.
  2. The second argument our Savior uses is, that, these things did not defile a man, i. e. as to his mind and confidence. To eat with unwashed hands was at the worst, but a point of ill manners, and unhandsome perhaps or indecent, but not an impious or ungodly thing; and therefore more likely to offend nice stomachs, than scrupulous consciences. Whose satisfaction in such things as these our Savior did not at all study. From whence I inferre (schließe), that in the worship of God we are chiefly to look after the substance of things; and as for circumstances, they are either not worth our notice, or else will be answerable to our inward impressions; according to which our Savior in another place, says, “O blind Pharisee, cleanse first the inside of the cup and of the platter that so the outside may be clean, hereby implying, that a renewed hearty will be sure to make a changed and seemly behavior; whereas the most specious outside is consistent with inward filth and rottenness. So that they who press outward conformity in divine worship, endeavor to serve God the wrong way, and often times do only force carnal and hypocritical men to present God a sacrifice which he abhors; while co others that are more tender and scrupulous, they make the sacrifice itself unpleasant, because they will not let it be, what God would have it, a free-will offering.
  1. My second instance shall be the resolution of the Apostles in that famous and important Quaere, concerning the Jewish ceremonies, whether they were to be imposed or not. After a long dispute to find out the truth (unreadable Greek spelling, says the text) Peter directly opposes those rites, why, says he, do ye temp God by putting a yoke upon the neck of the disciples? Intimating that to put a yoke upon others (and to impose in things indifferent is certainly a great one) from which, God hath either expressly freed us, by commanding the contrary; or else tacitly freed us, by not commanding them: This is nothing else but to tempt God, and to pretend to be more wise and holy than he. Again, James decries those ceremonies upon this score, least they should (unreadable Greek spelling,) be troublesome to the converted Gentiles; implying, that however men may think it a small matter, to impose an indifferent thing, yet indeed it is an infinite trouble and matter of disquiet to the party imposed upon, because he is thereby disabled from using his liberty, in that which he knows to be indifferent.

Upon the hearing of these two, the result of the whole council was the brethren should not be imposed upon, although the arguments for conformity were more strong then, than now they can be; because the Jews in all probability, might thereby have been the sooner won be over to the christian persuasion. The decree which that apostolical, and truly christian synod makes

  1. From the stile they use, it seems good (say they) to the Holy Ghost, and to us, — so that whoever exercises the same imposing Power, had need be sure he hath the fame divine authority, for fear he only rashly assumes what was never granted him.
  1. From the things they impose, it seems good, &c. (say they) to lay upon you no greater burden than these necessary things, that you abstain from things offered to idols, from blood, from things strangled, and from fornication. Whence I observe,
  1. that they call their imposition (unreadable Greek spelling) a weight, or burden, which is not unnecessarily to be laid on the shoulders of any.
  1. they say, they forbid only (unreadable Greek spelling) these very necessary things, to show, that necessary things only, and not indifferent, should be the matter of our imposition.

For whereas some gather from hence, that the church, i.e. where a state is christian, the christian magistrate hath a power to oblige men to the doing of things he commands, though in their own nature they be indifferent; because they suppose that the Apostles did so; as for example, in forbidding to eat blood. Therefore consider,

  1. that this is quite contrary to the Apostles scope, whose business was to ease and free, and not to tie up their brethren; and therefore they say, they merely do lay upon them things very necessary.
  1. That all those things they forbid, were not indifferent, but long before prohibited by God, not only in the ceremonial, but in his positive law, and therefore obligatory, whereupon the Apostles call them necessary, i.e. things necessary to be forborne, even before they had made any decree against them: As
  1. (unreadable Greek spelling) i.e. the meat of things offered to idols: To eat of them was not in all cases indifferent; for to so it with conscience of the idol, i.e. intending thereby to worship the idol, this was a thing against the second commandment. But if a man was convinced that the idol was nothing, and therefore the meat, though consecrated, was free to him: Yet if his weaker brother was offended; he was then to abstain in observance of christian charity and condescencion: But if the eater himself did doubt, then was he to forbear for his own peace and quiet’s sake, for to eat, while he was unsatisfied whether it was lawful or not, was nothing else but to condemn himself, as the Apostle says, “He that doubts is (not damned as we render it, but (unreadable Greek spelling)) — condemned i.e. self condemned if he eat, because he doth that which he inwardly doth either not approve, or else at least suspects, that it is not lawful: So that the case of eating (unreadable Greek spelling), being so nice, and so apt co be mistaken: The Apostles do make their prohibitionuniversal, as that which was most safe, and least subject to scruple.
  1. (unreadable Greek spelling) Blood; i.e. flesh with the blood; or, as some, raw flesh; and things strangled; to eat these was not indifferent, but prohibited long before by God, in his law given to Noah. And therefore the Apostles prohibition here, is not to be interpreted, as their giving a temporary law, with respect had to the then constitution and economy of the Jews (as some I think weakly and without ground from Scripture, imagine) but rather as their reviving and re-enforcing an old law, which being given by God to Noah, both then was, and still is obligatory to all his posterity, God having no where dispensed with it.
  1. Lastly, (unreadable Greek spelling), if you render it fornication, then it is evidently contrary to those precepts of purity, holiness and perfection, which God everywhere requires. But if you expound it, as many learned men do, unlawful copulations; then the prohibition enforces upon us the observance of those laws concerning marriage, which are recorded in Levit.18 and which is evident, are not in their own nature indifferent, since marrying with our mother, sister or daughter, the heathen Plato and the Grecian laws condemned even by the light of nature. And God, there in that chapter, calls the contrary practices, abominable customs; for which he threatens to root even the heathen out, v.27.ad fin.

From what hath been said out of this instance, 1. conclude, that since, i.e. the Apostles, though divinely inspired, yet did not impose any rites upon the church , by their own proper power, but join themselves with the Holy Ghost, as being acted and commissioned by him. Since, 2., they use no arguments from decency to justify their imposition, nor by any unnecessary burden upon any, by forbidding or enjoining things purely indifferent but only prohibit such things, as they call, and it is clear from what has been said, were necessary. And lastly, since the retaining some of the more innocent and less burdensome ceremonies of the Jews, in point of order and convenience only, would in all probability have been the readiest means to bring chat precise and superfluous people unto a compliance with the Gospel; and without doubt for that reason would have been enjoined, had the Apostles conceived they had any power to have meddled with them.

Hence I conclude, for persons,

1. Who have no such authority.

2. in things much more indifferent.

And lastly, where the necessity of conformity is nothing near so pressing and urgent. For such, I say, to take upon themselves an arbitrary and an imposing power, it is altogether unwarrantable, and consequently sinful.

  1. My last instance shall be that of the Apostle Paul, who was of an universally complying carriage; he says of himself, that he became all things to all men even to Jews at a Jew, &co. with many more words to the same purpose. And to show his liberty, he circumcised Timothy, though a Greek, that he might gain the Jews in those parts. But when once a sect of men rose up, who began to preach the necessity of circumcision, he doth in many places sharply inveigh against them, calling them dogs, evil workers, and in derision, (unreadable Greek spelling), or the concision, and concludes his epistle to the Galatians, with bidding them to beware of such, as labored to boast in their flesh i. e. sought to bring them unto a conformity in those outward ordinances. Nay so jealous and precisely careful was that Apostle of this great christian privilege and charter, viz. freedom in indifferent things; that he could not brook so much as Peters suspicious carriage in that particular, but for his dissimulation, and pretending to be less free, then he was;

Paul says, that he openly reproved him to his face. And for other false brethren, who crept into their assemblies, merely to spy out their liberty, and without doubt, used the fame arguments for conformity, which many do now; the Apostle says, he resisted them, and yielded not to them, so much as for a moment.

And that he might forever preserve his Galatians from being ensured, and brought under bondage again, he leaves them the caveat, I mentioned before, stand fast in your liberty, &e. From whence I infer, that so long as a thing is left indifferent, though there be some suspicion of superstition in it, we may lawfully practice it, as Paul did circumcision; but when any shall take upon them to make it necessary, then the thing so imposed presently loses not its liberty only, but likewise its lawfulness; and we may not without breach of the Apostles precept, submit unto it: Because we thereby do own, that those whose injunctions we obey, had a power to impose; and so by assenting, we become abettors and promoters of their usurpation.

  1. My last argument against impositions shall be taken from the inconveniences that attend such a practice. For though I lay little stress upon such kind of arguments (because truth is to be tried by its evidence, and not by its consequences) yet because,
  1. In principles, on which moral actions are grounded, the inconveniences do use to be weighed, and that doctrine for the most part seems most true, at least most plausible, which is attended by fewest inconveniences and because,
  1. the opposers of liberty, haw very little elseto urge for themselves, but by pretending the many inconveniences that flow from it.

Therefore I shall clearly prove that many more absurd and more destructive and fatal consequences attend the doctrine of impositions, then the doctrine of christian liberty, as,

  1. The first inconvenience is the impossibility to fix a point where the imposer will stop. For do but once grant, that the magistrate hath power to impose, and then we lie at his mercy, how far he will go. For the unmarried state of the clergy, holy unction, consecrating the host &co. are as indifferent in their own nature, as using the cross, or surplice. And if the magistrate hath indeed lawful power to impose, he may as well command those, as these, especially if he be convinced that they are either decent or convenient; at which door have entered in all those gross fooleries, which are in the popish worship: Any of which, take them singly and apart from the circumstances which determine them, so they are indifferent, and may, for ought I know, be conscientiously observed.

But put them together and consider the power which imposes, and the end which continues them, so they are the grossest idolatry, and the vilest tyranny that ever yet was practiced. For we are for the most part mistaken in the notion of popery, if we see a surplice, or a cross, or organs, or bowing, we presently cry out popery: Whereas I think it a more manifest sign of popery to forbid these things, as we do, under penalties, then to practice them with freedom. If, I understand anything of Antichrist, his nature seems to consist in this that he acts in a way contrary to Christ i.e. instead of a spiritual, he brings in a devised worship; and instead of freedom, lays a constraint even upon our devotion. So that, as John in his revelation says of him, “Men shall neither buy nor sell, who have not a mark; i.e. who do not serve God in that outward way, which he commands. So that whoever doth own the doctrine of imposition though in the smallest circumstance of worship he brings in the essence, though not the name of popery; and lays down that for his foundation, on which all the will-worship, which this day reigns in the world, is bottomed.

For whatever opinions we have concerning the necessity of bowing, kneeling or the like, while they stand confined to our private practices, they are at worst but hay and stubble, which will perish at the day of account, though he that doth them may very well be saved. But when once a man goes further and not content with his persuasions, envies his brother that liberty, which he himself desires to enjoy; and seeks to obtrude his conceits upon others, who perhaps are not so well satisfied as he is: Whoever doth this, becomes impious to God, by invading his sovereignty, and lording it over another man’s conscience; and likewise injurious to men, by pressing such things, as are only baits to the careless, and traps for the conscientious. I know very well, that the Argument is specious and often urged — why should men be so scrupulous? Most pleading for ceremonies, Lot did for Zoar, are they not little things? But l answer, 1. that a little thing unwarrantably done is a great sin. 2. That a little thing unjustly gained, makes way for a greater: and therefore we should not let the serpent get in his head, how beautiful soever it seems, lest he bring in his tail, and with that his sting – how curious even almost to superstition, our Savior and his Apostles especially Paul, were in this point, I have already mentioned; by whose example we are little profited, if we do not learn, that in impositions we are not so much to consider how small and inconsiderable the thing imposed is, as how lawful it is: Not, what it is in itself, as whither it tends, and what will he the consequence of it admission. For the smaller the thing imposed is, the more is our christian liberty invaded, and consequently the more injurious and sinful is its imposition.

  1. The second inconvenience is, that it quite inverts the nature of christian religion; not only by taking away its freedom, but likewise its spirituality; our Savior says, that God will now be worshipped not in show and ceremony, but in spirit, and in truth; whereas this doctrine of imposition, places it in such things, in the observance of which, superstition will be sure to out-do devotion. But true religion like the spirits of wine or subtle essences, whenever it comes to ne opened and exposed to view, runs the hazard of being presently dispirited, and lost. In the service of God there is a vast difference, between purity and pomp, between spirit and splendor; whereas the imposer only drives at, and improves the latter; but of the former is altogether secure and careless, as is evident in those places, where uniformity is most strictly practiced.
  1. This doctrine making no provision at all for such as are scrupulous and tender, supposes the same measure of faith in all: Whereas nothing is more clear, then as the Apostle says concerning things offered to idols, so concerning ceremonies, I may say, that all have not knowledge. But to this day many there are utterly unsatisfied with the lawfulness of any, and most are convinced of the uselessness of them all. Whose consciences, how erroneous soever, yet are to be tenderly and gently dealt with; lest by our rigid commanding what they can by no means comply with, we bring them unto that dangerous dilemma, either of breaking their inward peace and comfort, by doing outwardly what they do not inwardly approve of: Or else of running themselves upon the rocks of poverty and prejudice, by disobeying what is commanded. For though we are upon all occasions to suffer gladly, yet let not Reuben smite Ephraim; let us not receive our wounds in the house of our friends, for then our sufferings will be sharpened from the consideration of the unkindness, that our brethren should put us upon the needless trial of our faith and patience, especially in such things, which white the imposer calls indifferent, he thereby acknowledges, that they may very well be spare.
  1. The last inconvenience is that by impositions, especially when the penalty is severe, we seem to lay as much weight and stress upon these indifferent things, as upon any the most material parts of our religion. This rigid irrespective obtruding of small things makes no difference at all between ceremony and substance. So that a man who were not a Christian at all, would find as good, nay perhaps better usage from the imposer, then he who laboring and endeavoring to live up to other parts of christian faith, shall yet forbear to practice these ceremonies: Which is not only harsh and cruel, but very incongruous dealing, that a Jew or Mahometan, should be better regarded, than a weak and scrupulous Christian. This is nothing else, but to deal with our fellow Christians, as Jephtha did with the Ephraimites, to kill them for no weightier crime, than because they cannot pronounce Shibboleth.

To these inconveniences I might add the certain decay of the growth of religion as to its inward purity, while there is this disguise and mask of needless ceremonies upon it to keep it under; but those which I have already urged, are so great, that those which are commonly insisted upon by men of another persuasion, are not at all to be put into the balance with them; as will appear by this brief answer to their main objections.

  1. They object that this will be the way to beget all manner of disorder and confusion; that every man will have a several fashion and custom by himself; and for want of uniformity and ceremony, the unity and essence of religion will perish. But I answer,
  1. Doth any pled for Baal? He that will abuse the principle of liberty, to justify his licentiousness of life, let him know that the magistrate bears not the sword in vain, but has it to cut off such offenders. If you suffer as Christians, said the Apostle, rejoice at it; but let none suffer, as a thief, murderer (unreadable Greek spelling), seditious person, a state-incendiary, or as a busy intermeddler in other men’s matters, for he that doth these things suffered justly; nor can he plead anything from the Gospel, which is a rule of strictness, to exempt him from punishment. But

2.This disorder, which is so vehemently and so tragically aggravated, and for the prevention of which, ceremonies must be invented and forced, is indeed nothing else but a malicious and ill-founding name, put upon an excellent and most comely thing, i.e. variety, For as God, though he be a God of order, hath not made all men of one countenance, and in the world hath given several and divers shapes to many things, which yet are the same for substance; so in the assemblies of his people, who all come to honor him, and agree in the essence of his worship, why should we doubt, but God will be well pleased with their variety in circumstances? The exercise of which not only their consciences do prompt, but God himself doth induce them to, because in his word he hath not prescribed anyone outward form, that all should necessarily agree in; but in such things hath left them to the dictates of their own spirits, and the guidance of christian prudence; which variety is so far from being a confusion, that nothing can be more comely and harmonious, as serving to set out the indulgence of God, the arbitrary actings of the Holy Spirit, and the liberty of the Saints, who can preserve unity in mind, without uniformity in behavior.

  1. The second Objection is, the practice of the Jewish Princes, who as soon as ever they were installed in their Kingdoms, set upon reforming the house of God, and imposing upon all a form of worship: Which since all Scripture is written by divine inspiration, and for our instruction, seems to be a leading case that christian Princes should imitate them, and do so likewise. But l answer, i.e. though arguments taken from analogy are of very little weight, when positive precepts are required, yet I will grant, that the piety of the Jewish, is, and ought to be exemplary to the christian magistrates — but withal I deny the inference, since the Jewish Princes, when they reformed religion, they therein followed a divine law, which did command it from them, and which, in the minutest circumstances, had provided for uniformity worship from which rigor and restraint all Christians are absolved, and therefore it is very unconcluding to argue from the Jews, who had; to the christian magistrate, who wants divine authority. To this is also objected,
  1. That since things necessary to the worship of God, be already determined by God, and over them the magistrate hath no power; if likewise he should have no power in indifferent things, then it would follow that in things appertaining to religion, the christian magistrate had no power at all — which they think to be very absurd – so the reverend and learned Mr. Hooker, and Dr. Sanderson. But I answer,
  1. It is no absurdity at all, that Princes should have no more power in ordering the things of God, then God himself hath allowed them. And if God hath no where given them such an imposing power, they must be content to go without it. But in this case, where will the christian magistrate find his warrant, the Scriptures being utterly silent, that he is now to take such authority upon him, which, because the thing concerns not man, but the worship of God, had it been thought necessary and fit, would certainly not have been omitted.
  1. It is so far from being an argument for impositions, to urge that the thing imposed is indifferent, that there cannot be a stronger argument against them: Since it is as requisite to christian practice, that things indifferent should still be kept indifferent, as things necessary, be held necessary, – As I have already proved.

Lastly, it is much more suited to the nature of the Gospel that christian Princes should reform religion, rather by the example of their lives, then by the severity of their laws; and if they may show their power at all in this case, it should rather be b y subtracting then by adding. By taking away all impertinences, which may hinder the progress of it, rather than by obtruding unwarrantable methods, to tie all men up to such outward forms; as may make piety suspected only for policy disguised.

Much more might be said for this from authority, but I willingly wave it. For if Scripture and reason will not prevail to hinder impositions, I have no cause to expect that any sentences from antiquity should. Only this is certain, that all the writings of the Christians for the first three hundred years, are full of nothing else, but such arguments as evince a liberty, more absolute and universal then I contend for. And likewise it may be of some weight, that the churches doctrine was then more pure, their discipline more strict and severe then now; and yet they had nothing but mutual consent, either to establish or protect it, the magistrates being all against them. But when once Constantine took upon him to manage the affairs of the church, and by penal laws, ratified and confirmed church-orders, he laid that foundation of antichristian tyranny, which presently after him, his son Constantius exercised, against the assertors of the trinity: And, the churches worldly power increasing as fast, as the purity of religion did decrease; the bishops of Rome within a few years, gained to themselves, and have ever since practiced severely against such, whom they call heretics, i.e. deniers of their factious doctrine; and opposers of their most ungospel-like, but indeed most politic and prudential impositions, whose furious and bloody tenets, like subtle poison, have run through the veins of almost all professors, scarce any sort even of protestants, allowing to others that liberty of religion,  which at the beginning of their sects, they justly challenged to themselves.

Nor is there any hope, that the world should be freed from cruelty, disguised under the name of zeal, till it please God to inform all magistrates, how far their commission reaches , that their proper province is only over the body, to repress and correct those moral vices, to which our outward man is subject: But as for christian religion, since it is so pure and simple, so free from state and worldly magnificence, so gentle and complying with the meanest christian, and withal so remote from harshness, rigor and severity, there the magistrate most consults Gods honor and his own duty, if being strict to himself, he leaves all others in these outward ceremonies to their inward convictions. Which liberty, is so tar from weakening, that it is indeed the security of a throne; since besides gaining, the peoples love (especially the most conscientious and sober of them) it doth in a special manner entitle him to Gods protection:  Since in not pretending to be wiser then God, he gives religion that free and undisturbed passage, which our Savior seems by his life and death to have opened for it.

FINIS.

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John Locke, Two Tracts on Government, Intermediate Letter to unknown Recipient

John Locke, Two Tracts on Government,

Intermediate Letter to unknown Recipient

Sir

In obedience to your commands I here send you my thoughts of that treatise which we not long since discoursed of, which if they convince you of nothing else, yet I am confident will of this that I can refuse you nothing that is within the reach of my power. I know not what entertainment they will deserve from you, yet I am sure that you have this reason to use them favorably, that they owe their original to you. Let not the errors may appear to you in their perusal, meet with too severe a censure, since I was neither led to them by the beaten track of writers, nor the temptation of interest, but they are, if any, the wanderings of one in pursuit of truth, whose footsteps are not always so clear as to leave us a certain direction or render our mistakes unpardonable, but very often so obscure and intricate that the quickest sighted cannot secure themselves from deviations. This candor I may with justice expect from you since I should never have gone out of my way had not you engaged me in the journey. Whatsoever you shall find in these papers was entertained by me only under the appearance of truth, and I was careful to sequester my thoughts both from books and the times, that they might only attend those arguments that were warranted by reason, without taking any upon trust from the vogue or fashion. My greatest fear is for those places of Scripture that fall in my way, whereof I am very cautious to be an overconfident interpreter, as on the other side I think it too servile wholly to pin my faith upon the not seldom wrested expositions of commentators, whom therefore, in the haste I make to satisfy you I have not been much encouraged to consult on this occasion being only content with that light win pursuit of truth, whose footsteps are not always so clear as to leave us a certain direction or render our mistakes unpardonable, but very often so obscure and intricate that the quickest sighted cannot secure themselves from deviations. This candor I may with justice expect from you since I should never have gone out of my way had not you engaged me in the journey. Whatsoever you shall find in these papers was entertained by me only under the appearance of truth, and I was careful to sequester my thoughts both from books and the times, that they might only attend those arguments that were warranted by reason, without taking any upon trust from the vogue or fashion. My greatest fear is for those places of Scripture that fall in my way, whereof I am very cautious to be an overconfident interpreter, as on the other side I think it too servile wholly to pin my faith upon the not seldom wrested expositions of commentators, whom therefore, in the haste I make to satisfy you I have not been much encouraged to consult on this occasion being only content with that light which the Scripture affords itself, which is commonly the clearest discoverer of its own meaning. I have chose to draw a great part of my hich the Scripture affords itself, which is commonly the clearest discoverer of its own meaning. I have chose to draw a great part of my discourse from the supposition of the magistrate’s power, derived from, or conveyed to him by, the consent of the people, as a way best suited to those patrons of liberty, and most likely to obviate their objections, the foundation of their plea being usually an opinion of their natural freedom, which they are apt to think too much entrenched upon by impositions in indifferent things. Not that I intend to meddle with that question whether the magistrate’s crown drops down on his head immediately from heaven or be placed there by the hands of his subjects, it being sufficient to my purpose that the supreme magistrate of every nation what way soever created, must necessarily have an absolute and arbitrary power over all the indifferent actions of his people. And if his authority must needs be of so large an extent in the lowest and narrowest way of its original (that can be supposed) when derived from the scanty allowance of the people, who are never forward to part with more of their liberty than needs must, I think it will clearly follow, that if he receive his commission immediately from God the people will have little reason thereupon to think it more confined than if he received it from them until they can produce the charter of their own liberty, or the limitation of the legislator’s authority, from the same God that gave it.

Otherwise no doubt, those indifferent things that God doth not forbid or command his vicegerent may, having no other rule to direct his commands than every single person hath for his actions, viz: the law of God. And it will be granted that the people have but a poor pretence to liberty in indifferent things in a condition wherein they have no liberty at all, but by the appointment of the great sovereign of heaven and earth are born subjects to the will and pleasure of another. But I shall stop here having taken already too tedious a way to tell you that I am

Sir,

Your most obedient servant

JOHN LOCKE
Pensford, 11. Dec. 1660

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Ein zwischenzeitlicher Brief von John Locke an einen unbekannten Adressaten oder Empfänger zum Thema der Two Tracts

Sir,

Eurer Anordnung folgend übersende ich Euch hiermit meine Gedanken betreffend diese Abhandlung, über die wir vor kurzem gesprochen haben. Selbst wenn diese Euch von rein gar nichts anderem zu überzeugen vermögen, bin ich dennoch zuversichtlich wenigstens im Hinblick darauf, dass ich Euch nichts verweigern könnte, was in meiner Macht für Euch zu tun steht. Auch wenn ich nicht weiß, welche Aufmerksamkeit sie Eurerseits erfahren werden, bin ich dennoch sicher, dass Ihr bestimmt Grund habt, sie bevorzugt zu studieren, wo sie doch ihre Entstehung Euch verdanken. Ich hoffe, dass augenfällige Irrtümer während Eurer Lektüre nicht zu einer allzu strengen Kritik führen, wo ich doch zu solchen weder durch mehrfach Wiedergekäutes anderer Autoren noch die Versuchung eigener Interessen verführt wurde. Sie sind im Gegenteil, wenn überhaupt etwas, Streifzüge eines Suchenden nach Wahrheit, dessen Fußspuren nicht immer so klar sind, als dass sie uns eine bestimmte Richtung vorgeben oder etwa unsere Irrtümer als unumkehrbar nachweisen, doch oft so schleierhaft und verworren, dass auch der schnellste Verstand sie nicht vor Irrwegen schützt. Diese Großzügigkeit darf ich gerechter Weise von Euch erwarten, wo ich doch niemals meinen Weg verlassen hätte, hättet Ihr mich nicht zu diesem Ausflug veranlasst. Was auch immer Ihr auf diesen Seiten zu entdecken vermögt, wurde von mir ausschließlich zum Zweck der Wahrheitsfindung verfasst. Ich habe sorgfältig darauf geachtet, meine Gedanken von Büchern und den gängigen Phrasen der Zeit abzuschirmen, um sie ausschließlich auf jene Argumente zu konzentrieren, deren Gültigkeit uns die Vernunft gewährleistet, ohne irgendetwas vertrauensselig aus aktueller Mode und Stil heranzuziehen. Meine größte Sorge gilt den Fundstellen in der Heiligen Schrift, die möglicherweise meinen Weg der Erkenntnis kreuzen, welchen gegenüber ich äußerst vorsichtig darauf achte, kein allzu selbstsicherer Deuter zu sein. Andererseits halte ich es für übertrieben untertänig, meinen gesamten Glauben an den nicht selten windigen Ausdeutungen von Kommentatoren festzumachen, die zu hinterfragen ich, anlässlich der Eile mit der ich Euch zufriedenzustellen wünsche, mich nicht wirklich sehr bemüßigt fühle. Ich bin durchaus mit der Erhellung zufrieden, die die Bibel von ganz allein ausstrahlt. Schließlich ist sie für gewöhnlich ja der deutlichste Erklärer ihrer eigenen Bedeutung. Ich habe beschlossen, meine Argumentation auf der Annahme der rechtmäßigen Macht der Obrigkeit auszubauen, sei diese nun vom Einvernehmen der Bevölkerung abgeleitet oder durch diese übertragen. Ich halte das für den am besten geeigneten Weg gegenüber jenen Schutzheiligen der Freiheit, am wahrscheinlichsten deren Einwänden vorzubauen, wo doch die Grundlage derer Forderungen für gewöhnlich nur in einer Meinung über ihren natürlichen Freiraum besteht, über den zu denken sie in der Lage sind, er würde durch Verfügungen betreffend unbestimmter Dinge zu sehr festgelegt. Nicht, dass ich die Absicht hätte, mich in die Frage einzumischen, ob nun die Krone der Obrigkeit unmittelbar vom Himmel kommend auf deren Haupt landet oder dort durch die vereinte Hand aller Untergeordneten aufgesetzt wird. Es genügt für meinen Zweck vollkommen, dass der oberste Magistrat einer jeden Nation, wie auch immer er erschaffen wird, notwendigerweise eine absolute und willkürliche Macht betreffend alle unbestimmten Handlungen seiner Bevölkerung hat. Und weil der Obrigkeit Autorität notwendiger Weise selbst bei geringfügigster und kleinteiligster Herkunft (die man sich vorstellen kann), indem sie von der spärlichen Gestattung durch die Bevölkerung abgeleitet wird, die schließlich niemals so weit geht, mehr von ihrer Freiheit abzutreten als unbedingt erforderlich, eine derart große Reichweite haben muss, selbst dann, so denke ich folgt daraus sonnenklar, dass auch im Fall einer unmittelbaren Beauftragung durch Gott die Bevölkerung dessentwegen wenig Grund haben wird, sich der Obrigkeit Macht als deutlicher beschränkt vorzustellen, als wenn die Autorität ihr von ihnen selbst gewährt worden wäre. Als bis jene Schutzheiligen es schaffen, die Charta ihrer eigenen Freiheit oder die Beschränkung der Autorität des Gesetzgebers vom selben Gott herzuleiten, der dies gewährt hat. Andernfalls gibt es keinen Zweifel, dass für jene unbestimmten Dinge die Gott weder verboten noch angeordnet hat, sein Stellvertreter dies darf, wobei er keine andere Grundregel für seine Handlungen hat als jede andere Person: Das Gesetz Gottes. Und es wird versichert werden, dass die Bevölkerung nichts als eine armselige Vortäuschung von Freiheit bezüglich der unbestimmten Dinge haben kann, wo sie sich doch betreffend eben diese in einer Situation befindet, in der sie überhaupt keine Freiheit hat, sondern auf Grund ihrer Dorthinsetzung durch den großen Souverän des Himmels und der Erde als Untergebene des Willens und Gefallens eines anderen geboren werden. Doch ich muss hier einhalten, wo ich doch bereits einen zu ermüdenden Weg eingeschlagen habe, Euch Sir, meiner überaus gehorsamen Dienstbarkeit zu versichern.

JOHN LOCKE
Pensford, 11. Dez. 1660

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John Locke, Two Tracts on Government, Tract I, Section 79, Absatz 79,

John Locke: Two Tracts on Government

John Locke, Two Tracts on Government,

Tract I, Section 79, Absatz 79,

“Whereas the imposer only drives at and improves the latter (viz: splendor) but of the former (viz: spirit) is altogether secure and careless as is evident in those places where conformity is most strictly practiced.” (Quotation Bagshaw)

The imposer carries his religion as far as he can, and being not able to reach beyond the outside he must necessarily stop there, neither his commission nor power extending any farther, but that he is secure and careless of an inward purity, that he doth not wish and pray for that too, is a very severe censure. The miscarriages of those where uniformity is most strictly practiced are no more to be imputed to his law than the formality of the Jews to the ceremonial.

As long as the greatest part of men shall be the worst, and outward profession shall be more easy and cheaper than inward conversion, it will be no more wonder to find want of spirit with splendor, formality under uniformity, than ambition and faction, pride and hypocrisy under a toleration, and generally want of sincerity in all professions. And ‚tis not to be doubted that many may find admittance in a church as well as conventicle here who will scarce get admittance into heaven hereafter.

„Wohingegen der Verfügende lediglich auf Letzteres (Prunk, Blendwerk) Wert legt, sich ob der Mühe um Ersteres (Geist) insgesamt abgeschirmt und unbesorgt zeigt, wie es an den Orten klar ersichtlich ist, an denen Konformität so streng wie möglich gehandhabt wird.“ (Zitat Bagshaw)

Der Verfügende treibt seine Religion so weit voran, als er kann. Da er allerdings nicht in der Lage ist, über das äußerliche hinaus wirken zu können, muss er notwendigerweise dort einhalten, da weder sein Auftrag noch seine Macht weiter reichen. Dass er sich aber ob der Mühe um innere Reinheit abgeschirmt und unbesorgt zeigt, dass er diese gar nicht wünscht und auch nicht dafür betet, ist ein sehr schwerwiegender Vorwurf. Das Fehlverhalten derer, bei denen die Uniformität am strengsten gehandhabt wird, kann dem Gesetz der Obrigkeit auch nicht weitergehend angelastet werden, als der Formalismus der Juden deren Zeremonialrecht.

Solange der allergrößte Teil der Menschheit zugleich der allerverwerflichste ist, solange äußerliche Zurschaustellung des Bekenntnisses deutlich einfacher und billiger zu haben ist, als innere Bekehrung, muss sich niemand weiter wundern, allen Bedarf an Geist mit Prunk, Förmlichkeit mit Gleichförmigkeit, Ehrgeiz mit Aufruhr, Stolz mit Heuchelei unter einer toleranten Haltung gepaart zu sehen. Wobei es generell an Ernsthaftigkeit bei allen Bekenntnissen mangelt. Es darf keineswegs bezweifelt werden, dass sehr viele im Diesseits Zugang zu einer Kirche oder Sekte finden, die im Jenseits kaum Chance haben, den Himmel zu betreten.

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John Locke, Two Tracts on Government, Tract I, Section 75, Absatz 75,

John Locke, Two Tracts on Government,

Tract I, Section 75, Absatz 75,

“Our Savior says that God will now be worshipped not in show and ceremony but in spirit and in truth.” (Quotation Bagshaw)

Show and ceremony are not in the text, and might here have been spared without any injury to the discourse of Christ which doth not usually need such supplements.

The words of our Savior are, John.4.V.24, ‚The hour cometh and now is when the true worshippers shall worship the Father in spirit and in truth‘; the discourse is to a woman of Samaria, the people whereof contended with the Jews about the right place of worship, preferring their Mount Gerezime to Mount Sion, between whom the controversy had bred such dislike and aversion that it broke off all civil commerce as appears by the woman’s words; who being zealous for the religion of her country maintains it against that of the Jews; but Christ to put an end to the controversy and to prepare her for his doctrine, tells her first indeed that her religion was false, but that of the Jews too which was true, was then to cease and that therefore they should no longer contest which mountain stood nearest heaven nor in which place the worship of God was most acceptable, since God was now publishing a religion to the world not confined to any place, but wherever there were a heart inflamed with love to him and a spirit rightly disposed to his service there was a sacrifice acceptable to him.

All that can be drawn hence is that the great business of Christian religion lies in the heart, that wherever there is a well set spirit there God may be worshipped wherever it be, but this excludes not an outward form, nor can it be from hence concluded inconsistent with it.

God may be worshipped in spirit and in truth as well where the indifferent circumstances are limited as where they are free, a gracious heart may pray as fervently in the ancient form of the Church as the extemporary form of the minister, and an humble soul may receive instruction as well from the pulpit as the state; a surplice indeed will add but little heat to the body, but I know not why it should chill our devotions.

There is no necessity why David should be thought less zealous when he danced with all his might in a linen ephod134 than when he was clad in his shepherd’s coat. He that judges that where he finds ceremony and show there spirit and truth are necessarily wanting may as rationally conclude that where he observes an uniform structure with a stately outside there is no fire or inhabitants within, or that handsome bodies have no souls.

“Unser Erlöser sagt, dass Gott ab jetzt nicht länger durch Schau und Zeremonien, sondern im Geiste und Aufrichtigkeit zu huldigen sei.“

Schau und Zeremonien finden sich im Text nicht. Sie mögen hier ohne jede Beeinträchtigung der Rede Christi weggelassen worden sein, die normalerweise solcher Ergänzungen nicht bedurfte.

Die Worte unseres Heilands lauten, John.4.V.24, ‚Die Stunde nahte und ist nun da, da wahre Huldigende dem Vater im Geiste und in Aufrichtigkeit huldigen.‘ Die Rede richtet sich an eine Frau aus Samaria. Die Bevölkerung dort stritt sich mit den Juden über den richtigen Ort zur Verehrung, da sie ihren Berg Garizim dem Berg Sion vorzog. Diese Auseinandersetzung zwischen beiden Bevölkerungen hatte derart viel Abneigung und Widerwillen ausgebrütet, dass es zum Abbruch aller Handelsbeziehungen kam, wie aus den Worten der Frau zu entnehmen ist.

Wer dort für die Religion seines Landes eiferte, bewahrte diese gegen jene der Juden. Jesus Christus allerdings, der die Auseinandersetzung beenden und sie auf seine Lehre vorbereiten wollte, sagt ihr als erstes, dass ihre Religion in der Tat falsch sei, die der Juden allerdings auch. Was auch zutraf. Beide seien aufzugeben und sie sollten nicht länger darüber streiten, welcher Berg dem Himmel am nächsten stehe oder an welchem Ort die Huldigung Gottes am annehmbarsten zu geschehen habe. Seit Gott nunmehr eine Religion in der Welt verkünden ließ, die an keinen Ort gebunden war außer an jeden, an dem ein Herz in Liebe für ihn brenne und ein Geist aufrichtig seinem Dienst zugewandt sei, dort wäre seine Verehrung für ihn annehmbar.

Alles was man daher daraus ziehen kann, lautet, dass der Gegenstand der christlichen Religion im Herzen liegt. Wo immer der rechte Geist existiert, dort darf Gott gehuldigt werden, wo auch immer das sei. Doch dies schließt keine äußere Form aus, noch kann eine solche deshalb als unvereinbar betrachtet werden.

Gott kann gleichermaßen im Geiste und in Aufrichtigkeit gehuldigt werden, seien die unbestimmten Umstände nun beschränkt oder vollkommen frei. Ein dankbares Herz darf in der alten kirchlichen Form ebenso inbrünstig beten als in der aktuellen Form des Geistlichen. Eine demütige Seele darf Vorschriften der Kanzel und des Staates gleichermaßen empfangen. Ein Chorhemd wird tatsächlich dem Körper mehr als wenig Hitze bescheren, doch ich wüsste nicht, warum es unsere Hingabe abkühlen sollte.

Es gibt keine Notwendigkeit, David weniger Eifer zu unterstellen, wenn er mit allem Einsatz in einem leinenen Efod134 tanzte, als wenn er dabei in seinen Schäfermantel gekleidet war. Wer sich das Urteil anmaßt, dort wo er Zeremonien und Schau findet, würden Geist und Aufrichtigkeit notwendigerweise fehlen, der darf mit der gleichen Vernunft mutmaßen, dass überall, wo er eine einheitliche Struktur mit einem stattlichen Äußeren wahrnimmt, im Inneren weder Herdfeuer oder Bewohner vorhanden wären. Oder auch, dass in schönen Körpern keine Seelen wohnen.

134https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephod

134https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efod

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John Locke, Two Tracts on Government, Tract I, Section 70, Absatz 70,

John Locke: Two Tracts on Government

John Locke, Two Tracts on Government,

Tract I, Section 70, Absatz 70,

Indeed I have observed that almost all those tragical revolutions which have exercised Christendom these many years have turned upon this hinge, that there hath been no design so wicked which hath not worn the vizor of religion, nor rebellion which hath not been so kind to itself as to assume the specious name of reformation, proclaiming a design either to supply the defects or correct the errors of religion, that none ever went about to ruin the state but with pretence to build the temple, all those disturbers of public quiet being wise enough to lay hold on religion as a shield which if it could not defend their cause was best like to secure their credit, and gain as well pity to their ruin as partisans to their success, men finding no cause that can so rationally draw them to hazard this life, or compound for the dangers of a war as that which promises them a better, all other arguments, of liberty, country, relations, glory being to be enjoyed only in this life can give but small encouragements to a man to endanger that and to improve their present enjoyments a little, run themselves into the danger of an irreparable loss of all.

Hence have the cunning and malice of men taken occasion to pervert the doctrine of peace and charity into a perpetual foundation of war and contention, all those flames that have made such havoc and desolation in Europe, and have not been quenched but with the blood of so many millions, have been at first kindled with coals from the altar, and too much blown with the breath of those that attend the altar, who, forgetting their calling which is to promote peace and meekness, have proved the trumpeters of strife and sounded a charge with a ‚curse ye Meros’133.

I know not therefore how much it might conduce to the peace and security of mankind if religion were banished the camp and forbid to take arms, at least to use no other sword but that of the word and spirit, if ambition and revenge were disrobed of that so specious outside of reformation and the cause of God, were forced to appear in their own native ugliness and lie open to the eyes and contempt of all the world, if the believer and unbeliever could be content as Paul advises to live together, and use no other weapons to conquer each other’s opinions but pity and persuasion, if men would suffer one another to go to heaven everyone his one way, and not out of a fond conceit of themselves pretend to greater knowledge and care of another’s soul and eternal concernments than he himself, how much I say if such a temper and tenderness were wrought in the hearts of men our author’s doctrine of toleration might promote a quiet in the world, and at last bring those glorious days that men have a great while sought after the wrong way, I shall leave everyone to judge.

In der Realität dagegen habe ich beobachtet, dass im Grunde alle jene leidvollen Revolutionen, die das Christentum in diesen vielen Jahren durchexerzierte sich über jene Angeln durch die Türrahmen geschwungen haben, dass weder eine noch so bösartige Absicht in Erscheinung trat, die nicht religiöse Verblendung vor sich hergetragen hätte, noch eine Rebellion angezettelt wurde, die nicht so liebevoll zu sich selbst gewesen wäre, den höchst besonderen Titel der Reformation für sich in Anspruch zu nehmen.

Ob sie nun eine Absicht verkündeten, entweder Mängeln abzuhelfen oder religiöse Irrtümer zu korrigieren, natürlich musste keiner jemals den Staat zu einem anderen Zweck ruinieren, als Gottes wahren Tempel zu errichten. Alle jene Unruhestifter und Störer des öffentlichen Friedens waren wahrhaft weise genug um sich auf die Religion zu berufen, als einem Schild, der, wenn er schon ihre Sache nicht verteidigen konnte, wenigstens bestens geeignet war, ihre Glaubwürdigkeit sicherzustellen. Um nun gleichermaßen Mitgefühl im Falle ihrer Niederlage und weitere Parteigänger im Falle des Erfolgs zu gewinnen, können Menschen keine Begründung finden, die sie derart vernunftbehaftet dazu bringt, ihr diesseitiges Leben zu riskieren oder die Gefahren eines Krieges mit den Versprechungen eines besseren zu vergleichen. Sämtliche anderen Argumente wie Freiheit, Land, Nation, Beziehungen, Ruhm und Ehre, die nur für dieses Leben Bedeutung haben, können Menschen bestenfalls ein klein wenig Ermutigung liefern, sein hiesiges Leben aufs Spiel zu setzen und um aktuelle Lebensumstände ein wenig zu verbessern, rennen sie blind in das Risiko alles zu verlieren.

Daher haben Gerissenheit und Niederträchtigkeit einiger Menschen sogleich die Möglichkeit ergriffen, die Lehre von Frieden und Barmherzigkeit in einen immerwährenden Anlass zu Krieg und Streit zu pervertieren, haben alle jene Flammen entfacht, die in Europa derart viel Chaos und Verwüstung anrichteten und mit nichts weniger als dem Blut von Millionen gestillt werden konnten. All das wurde zu Beginn mit den glühenden Kohlen der Altäre entzündet, angefacht mit dem Atem derer, die sich zum Altar hinwandten, die dabei vergaßen, dass es ihre Berufung war, Frieden und Sanftmut zu predigen, sich statt dessen als Trompeter zur Attacke erwiesen und das Angriffssignal mit dem Fluch von Meros133 gaben.

Ich vermag daher nicht zu wissen, wie viel es zu Frieden und Sicherheit der Menschheit hätte beitragen können, wenn die Religion des Feldes verwiesen und es ihr verboten worden wäre, zu den Waffen zu greifen, mit dem Zweck, kein anderes Schwert als das von Wort und Geist zu benutzen.

Was, wenn Ehrgeiz und Rachelust all derer so deutlich außerhalb von Reformationsbedarf und Anliegen Gottes gelegenen Mittel beraubt worden wären? Sie wären gezwungen gewesen, in ihrer eigenen, angeborenen Widerwärtigkeit zu erscheinen, offen sichtbar für die Augen und die Verachtung aller Welt. Wenn Glaubende und Nichtglaubende zufrieden wären, so zusammen zu leben wie es Paulus ihnen geraten hatte und keine andere Waffe nutzten, um sich gegenseitig durch nichts anderes für sich einzunehmen, als durch Mitgefühl und Überzeugung? Wenn Menschen es gegenseitig dulden könnten, dass jeder seinem eigenen Weg zum Himmel folgt, statt aus tief verwurzelter Eitelkeit von sich selbst weiter reichende Kenntnis, wirksamere Fürsorge für die Seelen anderer und eine noch ewigere Bekümmerung als Gott höchstpersönlich zu behaupten? Was auch immer ich aufzähle: Wäre diese Art Gemütsverfassung und Zartheit in den Herzen der Menschen vorgezeichnet, dann könnte die Lehre der Toleranz unseres Autors die Ruhe auf der Welt fördern und schließlich jene ruhmreichenTage herbeiführen, nach denen die Menschen seit langem auf falschen Wegen gesucht haben. Das zu beurteilen überlasse ich jedem selbst.

133https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meroz

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John Locke, Two Tracts on Government, Tract I, Section 55, Absatz 55,

John Locke: Two Tracts on Government

John Locke, Two Tracts on Government,

Tract I, Section 55, Absatz 55,

“Whilst to others that are more tender and scrupulous they make the sacrifice itself unpleasant, because they will not let it be what God would have it, a free will offering.” (Quotation Bagshaw)

The service of the inward man which God looks after and accepts may be a free will offering, a sincere and spiritual performance under what shape soever of outward indifferent circumstances, the heart may be lift up to heaven, whilst the body bows.

And I know not how any habit can lie heavier on the spirits of any man and hinder its free motion towards God, than the stocks did Paul and Silas, or why anyone should pray less fervently, or doubt more of being heard in a church, and near an organ than Daniel in the den amidst the roaring of the lions.

All that God looks for in his worship now under the gospel is the sacrifice of a broken and a contrite heart, which may be willingly and acceptably given to God in any place or posture, that he hath left it to the discretion of those who are entrusted with the care of the society to determine what shall be order and decency which depend wholly on the opinions and fancies of men, and ‚tis as impossible to fix any certain rule to them as to hope to cast all men’s minds and manners into one mould.

He that will open his eyes upon any country or age but his own will presently see that they are ready to light and venture their lives for that in some places which we should laugh at here. Our deformity is others‘ beauty, our rudeness others‘ civility, and there is nothing so uncouth and unhandsome to us which doth not somewhere or other find applause and approbation; and should the eastern and turbaned nations embrace Christianity ‚twould be as uncomely to them to be bare in the public worship of God as to us to be covered.

And this is so not only in different places but if we survey the several ages of the Church we shall find religion sometimes gay and glorious, beset with pomp and ceremony, sometimes plain and negligent, stripped of all show and outside, but always decent and in order because suited to the present opinion of the age; esteem in this as well as many purring all the difference of value, and why should not the magistrate’s stamp and allowance make the one current as well as the other, why should anyone complain his heart and affections (the only free will offering) were more taken off from God than his friend, by the circumstantial determinations of the magistrate?

What obedient son would less willingly (if it were so appointed him) meet his father in the church than in the chamber, or find his piety slacken by consideration of the place? Or what malefactor would complain of the injunction, or pretend that he could not as fervently beg his life of his Prince in a cassock as in a cloak, were that the habit wherein he were commanded to approach his presence?

‚Tis true ‚tis not unusual to fright the weak and scrupulous with the terrible name of superstition, to clap disgraceful appellations upon innocent actions to deter men from them, a practice (as a learned man says well) not unlike the cruelty of the barbarous heathens that covered the Christians with those skins they had taken off from ravenous beasts that under that disguise they might the better bait them.

But superstition if I understand it aright is a false apprehension of God, or of a false god, attended with a slavish fear of severity and cruelty in him, which they hope to mitigate by a worship of their own invention, and such sacrifices either of the lives of men or beasts or tortures on themselves, as their fears persuaded them are most like to expiate and satisfy the displeasure of the Deity. But that superstition in this sense cannot be applied to the limitation of indifferent things is clear; which are not understood to be designed for atonement.

Für andere hingegen, die zartfühlender, sensibler und gewissenhafter sind, verkehren sie die Heilige Messe in eine unheilige, abzulehnende, da sie diese nicht so durchzuführen erlauben, wie Gott es will: Freiwillig.“ (Zitat Bagshaw)

Ich sage: Gott achtet auf die innere Einstellung beim Gottesdienst und akzeptiert ihn als freiwilliges Angebot, als ernsthafte und seelische Leistung, ungeachtet der Fasson äußerlicher, seinerseits unbestimmter Umstände. Das Herz kann auch zum Himmel erhoben werden, während der Körper sich verbeugt.

Mir ist kein Gewand bekannt, welches schwerer auf den Seelen irgendeines Menschen lasten könnte und seine freie Hinwendung zu Gott stärker hindern könnte als der Pranger das bei Paulus und Silas tat. Oder warum irgendwer in der Kirche auch direkt neben einer Orgel weniger inbrünstig beten oder stärker daran zweifeln sollte, gehört zu werden, als Daniel in der Höhle inmitten des Gebrülls der Löwen.

Alles worauf Gott heute im Zeitalter des Evangeliums bei seiner Huldigung Wert legt, ist das Opfer eines gebrochenen und reuigen Herzens, welches ihm willentlich und annehmbar dargebracht wird. Ungeachtet aller Ortsbestimmung, Darstellungen und Haltungen, die er bewusst dem Ermessen jener überlassen hat, die mit der Sorge um die Gesellschaft betraut sind. Sie sollten entscheiden, was Vorgabe und was Schicklichkeit ist, die zunächst vollkommen von den Meinungen und Phantasien der Menschen abhängen, was es gleichermaßen unmöglich macht, irgendeine sichere Regelung für sie alle zu treffen, als die Hoffnung zu hegen, aller Menschen Vorstellungen und Lebensweisen in eine Form zu gießen.

Wer bereit ist, seine Augen zu öffnen und den Blick auf irgend ein Land zu irgendeiner Zeit zu richten, abgesehen von seinem eigenen, wird augenblicklich erkennen, dass deren Bewohner mancherorts bereit sind, ihre Gemüter für Dinge zu entflammen und ihre Leben zu riskieren, worüber wir hierzulande lauthals Lachen würden. Was wir als unförmig sehen, gilt anderen als Schönheit, was wir als rüpelhaft empfinden, betrachten andere als kultiviertes Verhalten. Es gibt rein gar nichts derart unfeines und unschönes für uns, was nicht irgendwo oder bei irgendwem Applaus und Zustimmung fände. Sollten daher die östlichen, Turbane tragenden Völker das Christentum mit offenen Armen empfangen, wäre es für sie ebenso unvertraut, öffentliche Huldigungen Gottes zu vollziehen, als wir es mit bedecktem Kopf empfinden würden.

Diese Gegebenheiten verhalten sich so nicht nur an unterschiedlichen Orten. Im Gegenteil, sobald wir uns die verschiedenen Zeiträume des Bestehens der Kirche in der Geschichte ansehen, werden wir unvermeidlich die Ausübung der Religion hin und wieder geckenhaft und prächtig vorfinden, behängt mit Pomp und Flitter, manchmal schlicht und bescheiden, beinahe lieblos und nachlässig, aller Demonstrativität und Äußerlichkeit entblättert. Aber dennoch stets schicklich und geordnet, da angepasst an die aktuellen Vorstellungen des jeweiligen Zeitalters. Bewertet das genauso gut als Grundrauschen vieler wie als Unterschiedlichkeit der Wertschätzung. Warum also sollten Siegel und Gewähr der Obrigkeit nicht das eine ebenso in Geltung setzen wie das andere? Warum sollte irgendwer sich beschweren, sein Herz und seine Hingabe (die einzigen Angebote, die er aus freiem Willen machen kann) würden Gott durch die sie begleitenden Bestimmungen der Obrigkeit stärker vorenthalten, als die seines Freundes?

Welcher gehorsame Sohn würde seinen Vater weniger bereitwillig zur Kirche begleiten (falls es ihm so vorgeschrieben wäre) als in den Sitzungssaal? Oder empfände seine Frömmigkeit durch örtliche Abwägungen verringert? Welcher Bösewicht könnte sich zu Recht über eine Verfügung beschweren, oder behaupten, dass er in einem Talar nicht so leidenschaftlich seinen Fürsten um sein Leben bitten könnte, als in einem Mantel, falls ersteres das Gewand wäre, in dem zu seinem Auftritt zu erscheinen ihm befohlen wurde?

Sicher trifft zu, dass es nicht unüblich ist, die Schwachen und Gewissenhaften mit dem schrecklichen Begriff des Aberglaubens zu verunsichern. Oder gar unschuldige Handlungen mit schändlichen Bezeichnungen zu betiteln, um Menschen von deren weiterer Ausübung abzuhalten. Eine Praxis (wie ein Gelehrter Mann zutreffend anmerkt) nicht unähnlich der Grausamkeit barbarischer Heiden, die die Christen in Felle hüllten, die sie zuvor reißenden Raubtieren abgezogen hatten, um sie in dieser Verkleidung als noch bessere Köder für die Hetzjagd verwenden zu können.

Aberglaube ist allerdings, falls ich das Wort richtig verstehe, eine verfälschte Vorstellung von Gott, oder eine Vorstellung von einem falschen Gott, angereichert mit einer sklavischen Angst vor in ihm vermuteter Strenge und Grausamkeit, die die Betroffenen durch eine selbst frei erfundene Huldigung zu mäßigen hoffen. Er bewirkt dementsprechend Opfergaben, seien es Menschenleben oder Tiere oder Foltern und Qualen, wie ihre Ängste sie überzeugt haben, dass sie am besten geeignet seien, Sühne und Befriedigung des Unwillens der Gottheit herbeizuführen. Es sollte allerdings klar sein, dass Aberglaube in diesem Sinn der Beschränkung unbestimmter Handlungen nicht in die Schuhe geschoben werden kann. Für diese sind keine Wiedergutmachungen beabsichtigt.

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John Locke, Two Tracts on Government, Tract I, Section 52, Absatz 52,

John Locke: Two Tracts on Government

John Locke, Two Tracts on Government,

Tract I, Section 51, Absatz 51,

“The first shall be that of our Savior Christ who was of a most sweet and complying disposition, yet when his Christian liberty came once to be invaded he laid aside gentleness, and proved a stiff and peremptory assertor of it. To omit many passage of which his story is full, I shall mention but one and that was his refusing to wash his hands before meat. What Christ did here I know not how it could be said to be in defense of his Christian liberty.

Indeed he came to promulgate the great law of liberty to believers, to redeem men from the slavery of sin and Satan and subjection to the ceremonial law, but he himself was made under the law, lived under it, and fulfilled it, and therefore it appears to me rather a vindication of his national Jewish liberty which was very much encroached on by the traditions of the Pharisees, who though they sat in Moses‘ chair yet were beyond the bounds he had set them.

God had delivered to the Jews an entire and complete platform of worship, prescribed and limited, too, all the circumstances and ceremonies of it, and so strictly tied them to that rule he had given that Moses himself was not permitted to deviate in the least from it, Look that thou make them after te pattern that was showed thee in the mount.

It could not then but be a horrid impiety and presumption for the Pharisees not only to step into Moses chair but also to ascend into Mount Sinai, and dare to mingle their wisdom with God’s and take upon them to correct or perfect that frame which the great architect of heaven and earth had erected for his sanctuary.

This usurpation might well draw sharp rebukes from the meekest and most complying temper. Christ bore with the infirmities of the weak but not with the open rebellion of the haughty and obstinate; these were those who truly bound burdens on men’s consciences by stamping a divine impression on their own counterfeit inventions and traditions and enjoined them under the penalties of God’s displeasure and the curses of the law.

But I think it will be no very good consequence that because Christ opposed the usurpation of the Pharisees, therefore a Christian may dispute the dominion of his magistrate that because the traditions of the Elders (which were such too as made the commandment of God of none effect), were unlawful in a religion tied to a certain and set form which was to receive neither alteration nor addition, you shall not add unto the word that I command you neither shall you diminish aught from it, wherein God had left nothing arbitrary or indifferent, therefore all impositions are unlawful in a religion wherein almost all the outward actions are left undetermined and free; that because it was a part of the Jewish liberty not to be fettered with pharisaical traditions, therefore it is part of the Christian liberty not to submit to legal injunctions, and therefore it is no wonder that Christ should not prefer [arguments from decency] before those from duty, not wash his hands when he could not do it without contracting guilt, nor pay obedience to that law which God had condemned and provided against by a repeated prohibition such traditions as they delivered to the people not as their own injunctions but as part of the law of God, being properly additions to it and so of forbidden traditions, did not thereby destroy either the indifference of the action or the magistrate’s power of enjoining it, and had Caesar commanded washing of hands at any time of the day I have no reason to think that Christ would have denied him this any more than tribute.

Zunächst sollte über unseren Heiland, der einen reinen und fügsamen Charakter besaß, gesagt sein, dass er dennoch seine Freundlichkeit zur Seite legte, sobald seine christliche Freiheit bedroht wurde und er sich als ihr harter und gebieterischer Streiter erwies. Um den vielen Passagen, von denen seine Legende strotzt, Ehre zu erweisen, sollte ich nur eine anführen: Als er sich weigerte seine Hände vor dem Essen zu waschen. Allerdings habe ich keine Ahnung, wie das, was er hier tat, als Verteidigung seiner christlichen Freiheit bezeichnet werden könnte.

Tatsächlich erschien er, um das große Gesetz der Freiheit für die Gläubigen zu verkünden, um Menschen aus der Sklaverei der Sünde zu retten, vor dem Teufel und vor der Unterjochung durch das Zeremonialrecht. Er selbst aber war unter diesem Recht geboren, lebte damit und erfüllte es. Eben deswegen kommt es mir eher wie eine Verteidigung seiner nationalen jüdischen Freiheit vor, die durch die Traditionen der Pharisäer ziemlich weitgehend vereinnahmt worden war, welche trotz, dass sie in Moses Stuhl saßen, dennoch außerhalb der Schranken waren, die es gesetzt hatte.

Gott hatte den Juden einen vollumfänglichen und kompletten Satz an kultischen Handlungen zu seiner Huldigung bereitgestellt, vorgeschrieben und auch begrenzt, inklusive aller dazugehörigen äußeren Umstände und Zeremonien, und sie derart fest an diese von ihm selbst erlassene Regel gebunden, dass es nicht einmal Moses erlaubt war, davon auch nur ein Jota abzuweichen: Sorge dafür dass Du sie nach dem Muster ausführst, das Dir auf dem Berg gegeben wurde!

Folglich konnte es nichts als eine schreckliche Pietätlosigkeit und Anmaßung durch die Pharisäer sein, nicht nur Moses Stelle einzunehmen, sondern auch auf den Berg Sinai zu steigen und es zu wagen, ihre Weisheit mit der Gottes zu verquicken und es zu unterfangen, den Ordnungsrahmen, den der große Architekt von Himmel und Erde für sein Heiligtum errichtet hatte, korrigieren oder perfektionieren zu wollen.

Diese Usurpation darf gut und gern scharfen Tadel selbst von den sanftmütigsten und fügsamsten Gemütern nach sich ziehen. Christus wurde mit den Nachteilen der Schwachen, nicht aber mit dem Geist offener Rebellion der Hochmütigen und Verbohrten geboren. Jene waren es, die dem Gewissen der Menschen in Wahrheit Bürden auferlegt haben, indem sie ihren eigenen gezinkten Erfindungen und getürkten Traditionen den Stempel der Göttlichkeit aufprägten und diese unter die Bestrafung durch Gottes Missfallen und die Vergeltung des Gesetzes mogelten.

Dennoch denke ich, es hätte wohl keine sehr positiven Konsequenzen, aus dem Umstand des Widerstands gegen die Usurpation der Pharisäer durch Christus abzuleiten, dass deswegen ein Christ die Herrschaft seiner Obrigkeit bestreiten dürfe. Nur weil die Traditionen der Ahnen (die ebenfalls so beschaffen waren, dass sie die Wirkung der Anordnungen Gottes auf Null setzten) unrechtmäßig gegenüber einer Religion waren, die fest an bestimmte und stehende Formen gebunden war, die keinerlei Veränderung oder Aufblähung duldete: ‚Du darfst meinem Wort, welches ich Dir verfügt habe, nichts hinzufügen und ebenso wenig darfst Du irgendetwas davon verringern.‘ Weil Gott nichts Willkür oder Unbestimmtheit überlassen hat, deshalb seien alle Verfügungen im Falle einer Religion, die nahezu alle äußerlichen unbestimmt und frei verfügbar gelassen hat? Weil es Teil der jüdischen Freiheit war, nicht durch die pharisäischen Traditionen gefesselt zu werden, deshalb sei es Teil der christlichen Freiheit, keinen legalen Verfügungen untergeordnet zu werden?

Und eben deswegen ist es kein Wunder, dass Christus die Pflicht der Schicklichkeit vorzog und seine Hände nicht gewaschen hat, wenn er das nicht tun konnte, ohne sich Schuld einzuhandeln. Indem er dem Gesetz, das Gott längst verurteilt hatte, keinen Gehorsam erwies, sorgte er durch sein wiederholtes Verbot dafür, dass derartige Traditionen, soweit sie der Bevölkerung aufgedrängt wurden, ohne deren eigene Verfügungen zu sein, sondern statt dessen als Teil von Gottes Gesetz deklariert wurden, als tatsächliche Aufblähungen zu diesem und als verbotene Traditionen erkennbar wurden. Doch dadurch zerstörte er weder die Unbestimmtheit von Handlungen noch die Macht der Obrigkeit, deren Bestimmung an sich zu ziehen. Hätte Cäsar persönlich befohlen, die Hände zu irgendeiner Zeit des Tages zu waschen, habe ich keinen Grund zu der Annahme, Jesus Christus hätte ihm das weitergehend verweigert als Tribut zu zahlen.

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John Locke, Two Tracts on Government, Tract I, Section 11, Absatz 11

John Locke: Two Tracts on Government

John Locke, Two Tracts on Government,

Tract I, Section 11, Absatz 11,

I have chose to draw a great part of my discourse from the opposition of the magistrate’s power, derived from, or conveyed to him by, the consent of the people, as a way best suited to those patrons of liberty, most likely to obviate their objections, the foundation of their plea being usually an opinion of their natural freedom, which they are apt to think too much entrenched upon by impositions in things indifferent. Not that I intend to meddle with that question whether the magistrate’s crown drops down on his immediately from heaven or be placed there by the hands of his subjects, being sufficient to my purpose that the supreme magistrate of every nation what way soever created, must necessarily have an absolute and arbitrary power over all the indifferent actions of his people. And if his authority must needs be of so large an extent in the lowest and narrowest way of its original (that can be supposed) when derived from the scanty allowance of the people, who are never forward to part with more of their liberty than needs must, I think it will clearly follow, that if he receive his commission immediately from God the people will have little reason thereupon to think it more confined than if he received it from them until they can produce the charter of their own liberty, or the limitation of the legislator’s authority, from the same God that gave it. Otherwise no doubt, those indifferent things that God hath not forbid or commanded, his vicegerent may, having no other rule to direct his commands than every single person hath for his actions, viz.: the law of God; and it will be granted that the people have but a poor pretence to liberty in indifferent things in a condition wherein they have no liberty at all, but by the appointment of the Great Sovereign of heaven and earth are born subjects to the will and pleasure of another.

Ich habe mich entschieden einen großen Teil meiner Abhandlung über das Widerstandsrecht gegenüber der Macht der Obrigkeit aus der Herleitung oder Übertragung an ihn durch das Einvernehmen der Bevölkerung zu ziehen, da dies den besten Ansatz gegenüber den Schutzheiligen der Freiheit bietet, um ihren Einwänden vorzubeugen, da die Grundlage ihres Plädoyers gewöhnlich in einer bloßen Meinung über ihre natürlich Freiheit besteht, von der sie zu denken belieben, sie sei durch Vorschriften die unbedeutenden Dinge betreffend zu sehr eingeschränkt. Nicht, dass ich mich hier mit der Frage zu befassen beabsichtige, ob die Krone der Obrigkeit unmittelbar vom Himmel auf den Kopf gesetzt oder aus den Händen der Untergeordneten empfangen werde. Es ist für meinen Zweck vollkommen ausreichend zu zeigen, dass die Obrigkeit einer jeden Nation, wie auch immer sie entstanden sein mag, notwendigerweise eine absolute und durchaus willkürliche Macht über alle unwesentlichen Handlungen ihrer Bevölkerung haben muss. Sofern ihre Autorität also notwendigerweise von so großer Reichweite ist, sogar bei niedrigstem und eingeschränktestem Ursprung (der angenommen werden kann), sollte sie nämlich von der spärlichen Bewilligung der Bevölkerung stammen, die niemals so weit geht, mehr als unbedingt notwendig von ihrer Freiheit abzutreten, dann denke ich wird daraus klar zu folgern sein, dass im Fall der Gewähr dieses Auftrags an die Obrigkeit unmittelbar durch Gott die Bevölkerung kaum Grund dazu hat, sie als stärker begrenzt zu betrachten, als wenn die Macht aus ihrer Hand gewährt worden wäre. Es sei denn sie wäre in der Lage, die Charta ihrer Freiheit oder die Begrenzung der Autorität des Gesetzgebers von der Gewähr desselben Gottes her zu entwickeln, der jene Autorität erschuf. Andernfalls gibt es keinen Zweifel, betreffend all der unbedeutenden Dinge die Gott weder erlaubt noch verboten hat, darf sein Stellvertreter, da er keine andere Regel zur Hand hat als jede andere einzelne Person sie für ihr Verhalten kennt: Das Gesetz Gottes. Und es steht fest, dass die Bevölkerung nichts als einen sehr armseligen Schein von Freiheit bezüglich dieser unbestimmten Dinge hat, da sie in dieser Angelegenheit doch in einer Lage sind, in der sie überhaupt keine Freiheit haben. Sie sind schlicht durch nichts anderes die Festlegung des Großen Souveräns des Himmels und der Erde die Untergebenen des Willens und Vergnügens eines anderen.

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TToG II § 242

John Locke: Two Treatises of Government

§ 242. If a controversy arise betwixt a Prince and some of the people, in a matter where the law is silent, or doubtful, and the thing be of great consequence, I should think the proper umpire, in such a case, should be the body of the people: For in cases where the Prince hath a trust reposed in him and is dispensed from the common ordinary rules of the law; there, if any men find themselves aggrieved and think the Prince acts contrary to or beyond that trust, who so proper to judge as the body of the people, (who, at first, lodged that trust in him) how far they meant it should extend?

But if the Prince, or whoever they be in the administration, decline that way of determination, the appeal then lies no where but to heaven; force between either persons, who have no known superior on earth, or which permits no appeal to a judge on earth, being properly a state of war, wherein the appeal lies only to heaven; and in that state the injured party must judge for himself, when he will think fit to make use of that appeal, and put himself upon it.

§ 242. Wenn ein Streit zwischen dem Fürsten und jemand aus der Bevölkerung in einer Sache entsteht, in der das Gesetz schweigt oder Zweifel offen lässt und die eine große Bedeutung besitzt, sollte in einem solchen Fall, wie mir scheint, die Gesamtheit des Volks der eigentliche Schiedsrichter sein. Denn in Fällen, in denen dem Fürst Macht anvertraut worden und dieser von den allgemeinen gewöhnlichen Vorschriften des Gesetzes befreit ist: Wer könnte, wenn jemand sich belastet fühlt und glaubt, der Fürst handle gegen oder über die ihm anvertraute Macht hinaus, so geeignet sein zu urteilen, wie die Gesamtheit der Bevölkerung, die ihm schließlich anfangs diese Macht anvertraute und weiß, wie weit es beabsichtigte, dass die Macht reichen sollte?

Wenn aber der Fürst, oder wer sonst die Regierung bildet, diesen Weg zur Entscheidung ablehnt, dann liegt die Berufung nirgends anders als beim Himmel. Denn nackte Gewalt zwischen zwei Personen die keinen anerkannten Übergeordneten auf Erden besitzen oder die keine Berufung an einen irdischen Richter zulässt, ist im eigentlichen Sinn ein Kriegszustand, in dem jede Berufung allein beim Himmel liegt. In dieser Lage muss die geschädigte Partei selbst beurteilen, wann sie es für geeignet hält, von dieser Berufung Gebrauch zu machen und sie auf sich zu nehmen.

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TToG II § 224

John Locke: Two Treatises of Government

§ 224. But it will be said, this hypothesis lays ferment for frequent rebellion. To which I answer:

First: No more than any other hypothesis: For when the people are made miserable, and find themselves exposed to the ill usage of arbitrary power, cry up their governors, as much as you will, for sons of Jupiter; let them be sacred and divine, descended, or authorized from heaven: Give them out for whom or what you please, the same will happen. The people generally ill treated, and contrary to right, will be ready upon any occasion to ease themselves of a burden that sits heavy upon them. They will wish and seek for the opportunity, which in the change, weakness and accidents of human affairs, seldom delays long to offer itself. He must have lived but a little while in the world, who has not seen examples of this in his time: And he must have read very little, who cannot produce examples of it in all sorts of governments in the world.

§ 224. Natürlich wird behauptet werden, diese Hypothese enthalte den Gärstoff häufiger Rebellion. Darauf antworte ich:

Erstens: Keinen Deut mehr als irgendeine andere Hypothese. Fühlt sich die Bevölkerung erst mal elend und sieht sich dem Missbrauch willkürlicher Macht ausgesetzt, dann ruft eure Regenten als Söhne Jupiters aus, so viel ihr wollt. Nennt sie heilig oder göttlich, vom Himmel abstammend oder vom Himmel bevollmächtigt, gebt sie aus, für wen oder für was ihr wollt:

Am Ergebnis wird das nichts Ändern.

Eine Bevölkerung, andauernd und überall unrechtmäßig behandelt, wird bei jedem Anlass bereit sein, sich von schwer auf ihr lastenden Bürden zu befreien. Sie wird die Gelegenheit herbeisehnen und nach ihr suchen. Angesichts des Wechsels, der Schwäche und der Zufälligkeit menschlicher Angelegenheiten dauert es selten lange, dass sie sich darbietet. Wer kein Beispiel davon zu seiner eigenen Zeit kennen gelernt hat, kann nur eine kurze Zeit auf der Welt gelebt haben und es muss sehr wenig gelesen haben, wer keinen Bericht darüber zu allen Arten von Regierung in der Welt zitieren kann.

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